Malta's Tax System - KPMG Malta

malta taxation foreign income

malta taxation foreign income - win

Immigrating to other countries an option?

In Canada, you get taxed for every win, but you can't deduct losses (total bullshit). The regulators are also banning some of the most popular brokers, and I fear mine is next.
So here are some options
  1. Open a corporation for lower taxes here or abroad (ie. open a company in malta and pay a professional to structure it in a way where you can pay something around 5% tax.)
  2. move to countries with territorial taxation, AKA no foreign income tax (ie. philipinese, thailand, malasiya)
  3. Trade in the UK with a spreadbetting company.
  4. Move to countries with low income tax (ie. spain)
  5. Move to countries with 0 income tax (ie. UAE, Miami-Florida, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman)
​
Problem is, for #2,#3,#4,#5... you can't enter countries freely with the purpose of trading. You need either a work visa. So for example, I hear there are a lot of western daytraders in thailand... how do they do it, how do they enter the country and stay there?
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[SECRET] The Question of Offshore Banking; officially Operation Skylark

Monitoring the Situation

The Channel Islands are of need of some minor financial reconstruction in this period immediately after the end of the Occupation of France. Their status outside of the UK, yet so geographically close, allows them the unique opportunity to act as both offshore banks, and signal stations for both the UK, and France.
Under the guise of both, reconstruction efforts to bring a succinct and complete restoration of Imperial Administration to the Islands (where appropriate), and of being City bankers looking to exploit the difference in taxation rates, and island banking secrecy, MI5 is to establish offices here under the cover story of being new Banks. As financial sites, these will no doubt require some level of guard, constant postal communication with both Britain & the mainland, and significant radio communications.
These will obscure the MI5 guard, actual post (either encrypted/ciphered communications, or more mundane communications), and efforts to act as a listening station for Mainland France.
Once established, funds can be transferred to these banks to be used as slush funds for other MI5 activities. These banks, less than moral services, can also be offered covertly to less than moral Businessmen.
It can be believed that by offering these services privately, the Government gains a degree of compromising material with which to blackmail the businessmen, & their funds to directly sponsor the slush fund operations.
By targeting foreign businesses as well, it is hoped, by the more competitive of intelligence agents, that the UK can deprive the states of these foreign businesses of the rightful tax income and instead gain a fraction of it.
By using the services the businesses can act in less than legal manners, without as much financial oversight.

The curious case of the Manx about Town

In a very similar operation to the establishment of dark MI5 banks in the Channel Islands, a new Bank is to be founded on the Isle of Man, also offering Offshore banking services to both the British and the Irish. Again these services will grant MI5 compromising material on the users, a source of funding and a means of tracking the growth of financial crimes of this nature amongst the commercial world.
These new banks will begin trading debts and loans with the banks in the Channel Islands, as to further obfuscate loan sources, and account details. In a ploy akin to the Channel furthering of French interest, services are privately offered to both the British businessmen, and foreigners, in particular the people of Ireland, and more specifically both the Orangemen, and the businessmen of the Free State.

I’m only Malteasing you

With a now-growing history of financial institution covers, MI5 is to establish another Offshore Banking front in Malta. This time, the services are to be offered to Mediterrean Businesses, and in particular the Cosa Nostra of Southern Italy. By promising utmost financial secrecy, through running the accounts through other shell accounts, and funded by conglomerated accounts in the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man - and providing an easily accountable accessible service for them to launder their money. The Banks’ interest rates are more than considerable for the pitiful clean amounts put into the less secret account.
In return, it is hoped by Intelligence Officials that communication channels may be opened with these Italian Mafias, and their trust slowly earned. This trust can later be exploited for the mass arrest and incarceration of such villains, or expansion into their cousins the Italian Mobs of America.

Haven of Virgin

Akin to its European counterparts, a further listening-post-financial centre, is to be established within the British Virgin Islands, and with it, a relief package from the British Government aimed at restoring the strained social programs and to end the surging emigration from the island.

The American Financial Acquisition and Special Investment Vehicle

In light of the restrictions in place on the Anglo-American Loan, namely the requirement to spend $3.75 billion of the loan with the USA, the UK is to establish the American Financial Acquisition and Special Investment Vehicle. The AFASIV is a Special Investment Vehicle worth a total of $3.75 billion, offered to the Governments, and Private Entities of the British Empire and Commonwealth.This SIV offers to provide an effective 10% discount on American Products and Services. By paying into the AFASIV for these services, the AFASIV will pay the remaining 10% of the required cost and fulfill the required spending allocation as per the terms of the loan. Should this SIV be entirely successful it would convert the $3.75 billion of money allocated to be spent in the USA, into $3.375 billion of which the UK Government has no such requirements.
Given the size of the AFASIV, we cannot expect this fund to be depleted immediately, and will instead support purchases of American made products for the foreseeable future.

The Freedom of Americas Reinvestment Platform

With help of dual national citizens, both British-Americans, and Canadian-Americans a new public Reinvestment Platform is to be created within the United States of America under the oversight of MI5 agents. This platform will publicly act as a single fund through which goods, and services across all of Latin America can be acquired, implicitly for the easy supply back to the Old World. More tactfully it in conjunction with the AFASIV will allow for the Empire to spend it’s carefully obtained Anglo-American Loan with relative ease, without worrying about the breaking of the strict fiscal requirements imposed in the terms of the loan. The American Government can be happy to still receive the corporation tax payments made by the FARP.
The FARP will also begin to invest into the stocks and shares of the American Export Market, as they are expected to prove profitable in the coming times. Any such profits, or dividends are to be returned to be reinvested by the FARP. Here, the FARP can be used to fund and organise reconstruction efforts in the British Virgin Islands.
The profitability of companies part-owned by the FARP can be increased through profiling those companies whose ownership would be susceptible to extra-legal tax avoidance. Such companies can then be approached by the British Virgin Island’s Offshore Banks, through FARP intermediaries.

Gnomes of Zurich

Swiss banking secrecy is not something to be sniffed at, and their safety deposit boxes may offer a large-scale, if not entirely overt method of storing finances abroad. Bearer-bonds are perhaps the safest of these methods, being anonymously redeemable, and easily acquired across various markets. Perhaps not the most controlled of methods, they at least allow the transfer of money through the non-physical transfer of security box details.

The Land of the Anonymous Brave

The Partnership Act of 1890 created these, exceptionally useful entities known as Scottish Limited Partnerships. These legal personalities can be created with only an address, and no human identity to be held accountable - perfect for the now numerous Secret institutions looking to offer money laundering, or other financial services to their dubious clientele.

It’s in the Baghdad

To the bustling city of Baghdad ventures to pull foreign business through off-shore accounts are held. With some targets identified as attendees the Iraqi Royal Eid Gala as groundwork, agents, operatives, investors, viziers, and advisers can begin to suggest, and recommend such tax avoidance schemes to the wealthy foreign investors, and, to the more thrifty Iraqi aristocrat.

Lion in dire straits

In the strait city of Singapore, new offices extend their reach to the naive workers’ co-operatives across the Malay States, the Strait Settlements, and even into the (Former) Dutch East Indies. Here, well practised, slick salespeople are paid commission to help budding enterprises offshore their finances into stable, well-run accounts.

For all the Tea in China

Even as far east as Hong Kong grow the roots of these illicit branch-companies. Here the opium deals, and Triad; or at least their fronts, have been selected as prime targets to be offered such convenient financial services. Where the new clients may perhaps have, “export arrangements” as innocently worded by one Intelliegence operative, in the Americas, an extension of services to their local receiving chapter is offered. The Question of Offshore Banking; officially Operation Skylark
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NON-DOM REGIME IS A PRECIOUS FRUIT OFFERED BY MALTA

NON-DOM REGIME IS A PRECIOUS FRUIT OFFERED BY MALTA
Malta International airport sees 4 million passengers in the first half of 2019, which is almost 6% up, compared to the previous year. The island’s attractiveness is growing with all speed, tempting with its warm and clear Mediterranean waters, daily catch of local fish and fresh seafood, with its sun mostly throughout the year and goodhearted residents. Non-doms are also counted – the newest fruit offered by Malta.
Valletta Harbour, Malta
This article gives you an overview of some important key qualities of Malta as an ex-pat destination country of visa-free travel, lowest tax, and finance. When it comes to living abroad, there are special considerations to be aware of depending on your nationality and circumstances and individual finance solutions whether taxation, retirement or other financial goals. For the entrepreneurs or the wealthy people, the importance of obtaining tax advice at every step of this process is of vital importance.
We are going to review the portraits of three non-doms, foreigners, who decided to become Malta tax residents or Citizens and enjoy a variety of benefits – from complete tax exemption on certain types of revenue to high quality of life in Europe.
The Malta non-dom concept is certainly the hottest of its kind, compared to popular UK non-dom and other European programs. Below are three client cases of ours, who came from a distinct part of the globe, all in different ways, but with the same needs – to protect their present and to secure their future.
Case 1: Jay from Turkey Meet Jay. He discovered Malta many years ago and traveled to the Island either for a vacation with his family or for business. He is the owner of a couple of Malta companies that are structured in a tax-efficient and practical way.
A year ago, Jay finally decided to make a lifetime investment. With Malta Citizenship by Investment program, he obtained a passport of Malta for himself, his spouse and their two kids and now the family enjoys all the benefits of a European passport. When you come from a country that faces international travel restrictions, you likely feel unfairly left behind this globe. There is nothing personally linked to Jay or to his family, but thanks to his country’s international position, he had to face and conquer all those problems. And unfortunately, he’s not alone on that.
Jay took control in his hands and completely relocated to Malta. Living in a villa with a private pool and a small garden, with a minute walking distance to the sea, they also became Maltese tax residents (and automatically non-doms). While the children enrolled in one of the best British schools of the Island, Keera, the wife of Jay, could continue working in her familiar gaming industry. Malta is a hub for iGamers from all over the world, and Jay himself is now comfortably working from Malta with regular travels in EU and Turkey for business matters. Jay also became a salaried director in all of his Maltese companies enjoying personal income tax exemption on his salary, not exceeding a certain amount. He is working from a small office, providing his Malta companies local substance while actively using corporate bank accounts in Malta and abroad.
Case 2. Elena from Russia Russian ex-pats, planning to move to Malta, have in mind not just serenity of Mediterranean as a relief from their current stressful life, but also a tax-friendly, politically stable environment with growing investment opportunities. Elena, being a UK non-dom before, with loads of personal taxation uncertainties due to unstable and tense political situation (similar to the Russian experience, which she faced again in the UK), has considered moving her tax residency into another country. Cyprus was one of the options – but she could not risk again and abandoned this idea, while she was introduced to Malta non-dom alternative – Tax Residence Programme.
Resident non-doms are not subject to tax on foreign-sourced income that is not remitted to Malta and on foreign capital gains, whether remitted or not. Malta is stable and safe. That was an absolute relief for Elena! Moreover, being a business-minded person, she immediately realized how fast a real estate market grows in Malta, mostly thanks to ex-pats inflow. Elena invested in local real estate straight away, to have a guaranteed ROI with time. Now Elena is absolutely settled and satisfied with her professional life, she could finally think of her private one. Elena has a stable ground under her feet for a perfect match and plenty of opportunities to offer to her kids.
Case 3. Ali from the Middle East Ali is a successful businessman and a father of 4, living in the Middle East. Ali was recently thinking of Plan B more often and finally, he made his choice. To protect the future of his family, Ali obtained the Malta Permanent Residency Permit. Malta is the only country in Europe that gives permanent residency directly, without a temporary residency stage.
He bought a house in Malta only for their vacations for now, yet they can travel without restrictions and move completely to Malta at any time. Ali is a realistic and self-confident guy, who needs to have control over any situation. In case of negative political changes or money becoming unsecured, Ali simply grabs his family and they get on a plane to Malta. Tomorrow, if they feel a need.
We have many more successful cases to describe. As you may see, Passport or Residency of Malta – is a 100% worthy investment. You do not have to be an owner of super-yachts, private jets, neither a billionaire to do it. However, all of our clients share the same values:

1. Freedom

Second Citizenship / Residency of Malta – for those, who seek relief from visa-restrictions, and safe haven from political uncertainty. It is for those, who value freedom. With Maltese passport, you can travel to 182 countries without borders (and with Residency to all Schengen area) and establish your business in all 28 EU member states. You will get Malta Residence, while you wait for your Maltese Passport.

2. Quality, Tax and Cost Efficiency.

Second Citizenship/ Residency of Malta – for those, who value High Quality of Life. Avoiding unfair taxes, you may invest more in your family. Malta offers a great infrastructure, affordable cost of living, vivid culture with its UNESCO World Heritage Sites, extremely safe environment. The country has been ranked top 5 by the World Health Organization (WHO) report of medical systems worldwide.

3. Stability

Citizenship or Residency of Malta – also for those, who need stability. Malta is an ultimately safe environment, with a high level of political or financial stability. The Central Bank of Malta and the Malta Financial Services Authority set up a joint financial stability board, to ensure that the local financial companies and systems maintain its prosperity and strength. Your family’s wealth is secured and in good hands – in yours. We are looking forward to hearing your story. Today, if you are ready for changes towards a stable life of quality.
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4th Annual "History of Naming Conventions" (Part 1)

Indeed, the "History of Naming Conventions" is back for it's forth annual installment during the holiday season to give you everything you ever wanted to know about the names of clubs from all over the world. And this time, it's been divided up into two posts, it's even more comprehensive, it's a touch more detailed, and I didn't fuck up as much on the Portuguese and Spanish language clubs.
Not only did I dive into Poland with more vigor, I also dove heat-first into some obscure tiers of the Finnish leagues, waded into the deeper end of Middle-Eastern clubs, and found myself thoroughly lost in the myriad of variants used in Southeast Asia and Japan. It's been a blast learning even more about these obscure naming conventions, even though I have had to put Google Translate through hell and back to accomplish it.
With all the new additions, we're breaking this year's post down into two separate parts: Initials for Part 1, with Part 2 containing Numbers and Words. A link to Part 2 is located at the bottom of this post for ease of use.
And because every year one of you punks get all uppity and try to post what you think is the real story on Sheffield FC, I have included an excerpt from a deeply researched and detailed early history of the club taken from an article I had written as a separate comment below.
Happy Holidays, -FCVD

History Of Naming Conventions

While many fans understand that clubs have differing naming conventions, such as Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, and Sheffield F.C., many fans have absolutely no idea what those specific conventions imply. I'm here to set the record straight on why your club is named why it is. But let's start with the basics first, like the first football team, Sheffield F.C., and work our way up.

The Basics: “F.C.”

“F.C.” Stands for “Football Club.” From almost their beginning, Sheffield F.C. used the term “F.C.” to differentiate it from the other sports club in Sheffield at the time – the rugby club named that was simply named “Sheffield.” Since football was a brand new thing, the club adopted the “F.C.” to simply allow the locals to know that it wasn't the rugby team – it was the other Sheffield club playing that new sport where someone can't use their hands.
And since rugby clubs had sprouted up all over England long before the game we know as "modern" football became popular, almost every new football club took the naming convention of “F.C.”
At this point, you might be asking yourself, “Why 'club' though?” At that time, all sporting groups were “clubs,” as it was seen as more of a hobby than a profession or a business.
So you might be thinking “Okay, but what about A.F.C.?” Simple: the founding of football did not coincide with a codified set of rules. At the time, several set of rules were around, including “Sheffield Rules” and the now-familiar “Association Football Rules”. In cities that had a club that played under Sheffield Rules were often named “F.C.” and if another club that played under Association Football Rules in the same town, that club would take the “A.F.C.” convention. “A.F.C.” disappeared for the most part as most teams has played under the Association Football Rules by the end of the 19th century, although some teams have kept their old name still to this day.
So - that's how the whole “F.C.” started.
But what about all of the others? Where did they come from? Why is there teams that use the term “Old Boys”? The following list will go through damn near each and every variation.

The “Rules”

Before we do that, however, it pays to remember that the “rules” behind each naming convention are often not always 100% for each and every club with these naming conventions. Some clubs have just chosen to use the naming convention for the sound of it. Others have used it because it helped with marketing. And who knows why they chose 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig for a name? Well, I know why, and you are about to.

The List of Naming Conventions:

The Super Important Ones:

These two form the basis of most club structures - and will be repeatedly referenced throughout the massive list below. Understanding these two in advance of reading the list will make your life substantially easier. Trust me.
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
F.C. Football Club Worldwide F.C. is used by many teams throughout the world and is simply to brand the team as a football club. Historically used in England to differentiate between football and rugby clubs playing in the same town, F.C. became the most commonly used initials in football worldwide, with many variations of F.C. based on local languages words for "Football Club". Minnesota United F.C. (United States)
S.C. (1) Sports Club (various spellings) Worldwide S.C. is used by teams throughout the world where the founding of the team originated from an organized group of individuals in order to provide structure to activities. The use of S.C. implies that the organization running the clubs have clubs in more than one sport. Oftentimes it involves a large youth organization in many sports, while offering a professional tier to more than one sport. The term “Sports Club” is important to note as many teams throughout the world will have various initials that translate into this specific definition in English. Simba S.C. (Tanzania)

The Initials:

(This is set up in alphabetical order, minus the first two entries, which are deemed important enough that you need to know them before others as they are referenced frequently throughout the list.)
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
AA Atletiek Associatie Low Countries Dutch for "Athletic Association" with the implied meaning behind the typical usage of "Sports Club." Traditionally, they offer teams and training in several sports beyond football AA Gent, now known as KAA Gent (Belgium)
A.C. Associazione Calcio Italy Used in Italian-speaking regions, “Associazione Calcio" translates into English as “Football Association” and is the Italian equivalent of “A.F.C.” A.C. Milan (Italy)
A.D. (1) Asociación Deportiva or Agrupación Deportiva Spain, Latin America The Spanish-language version of “SA”, this translates roughly into Sports Association. It's often found in Spanish speaking nations throughout the world, but particularly in Spain itself A.D. Isidro Metapán (El Salvador)
A.D. (2) Associação Desportiva Portugal The Portuguese-language version of “SA”, this translates loosely into Sports Association and is used in the same context AD Nogueirense (Portugal)
A.F.C. Association Football Club Worldwide Historically used by older clubs to highlight that the club played under the Association Football rules, also was used to differentiate between other types of football clubs from the same area. A.F.C. Bournemouth (England)
A.S. Association Sportive (various spellings) France, Italy, Africa Used primarily in French and Italian speaking nations, it translates as “Sports Association.” Many clubs use this in former French colonies, as well as Italy and France A.S. Douanes (Niger)
A.S.A. (1) Asociația Sportivă Armatei (various spellings) Eastern Europe This roughly translates into “Army Sports Association”, which implies that the club is run by the army, but is not always the case as clubs with A.S.A can be independently run. ASA București, now CSA Steaua București (Romania)
A.S.A. (2) Asociația Sportivă Ardealul Romania This translates into "Transylvania Sports Association", and found exclusively in Romania ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș (Romania)
A.S.D. Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Italy Roughly translates to "Amateur Sports Association”, and found exclusively in Italian-speaking communities. Usage denotes pure amateur clubs (either current or historical) and are often clubs run by the local municipalities. They offer programs from under-4 through Adult leagues. Not many are found near the top of the pyramid, but they form the basis of youth football clubs in Italy A.S.D. Sanremese (Italy)
B (1) Boldklub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". As the single letter "B", it is found almost exclusively in Denmark, but has been used throughout Scandinavia. Vejle Boldklub, known as VB (Denmark)
B (2) "B" Squad Worldwide In this instance the letter "B" indicates that this club is the secondary team to the primary Adult team fielded by the organization, and often indicates the "reserve" squad for professional teams Real Betis B (Spain)
B.K. Ballklubb (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". Found throughout Scandinavian nations and is fairly common. Rosenborg BK (Norway)
BSG Betriebssportgemeinschaft German speaking nations Translates as "Sports Associations" with the same connotations as "Sports Associations", these clubs also were almost always within the government control of the GDEast German government during the Cold War. Used to denote the Sports Branch of particular trade associations, such as Dynamo, Lokomotive, and Stahl BSG Wismut Aue, now FC Erzgebirge Aue (Germany)
BSV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BSV Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund, known as Borussia Dortmund (Germany)
BV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BV Cloppenburg Frauen (Germany)
C Combinatie Netherlands Translates into "Combined", meaning that the club was founded as a merger between two existing clubs, usually found at the end of other initials. RKC Waalwijk (Netherlands)
C.A. Club Atlético or Clube Atlético Spain, Portugal, Latin America Translates into “Athletic Club”, these clubs are usually privately owned teams that have an outreach program within the community. Several teams with C.A. do not, however, and have the name as a basis to show that it is sponsored by a private, members-only club. C.A. Progreso (Uruguay)
C.D. Club Deportivo (various spellings) Iberian peninsula, Latin America This translates into “Sports Club” in English, and is used in the same manner. Club Deportivo Pacífico FC (Peru)
C.F. Club Football (various spellings) Worldwide Found primarily in Spanish and Portuguese speaking nations, C.F. holds the same meaning as "Football Club." It is used in nations where the local language switches the order of words C.F. Monterrey (Mexico)
C.F.C. Cricket Football Club or Cricket & Football Club Worldwide Fairly rare, C.F.C is used either for teams comprised of cricket players or for a football club founded by a dedicated Cricket Club. These clubs are founded almost exclusively by British expats in major cities throughout the world. Genoa C.F.C. (Italy)
C.S. Club Sport Latin America Localized variant of Sport Club, and used with the same meaning CS Herediano (Honduras)
CSCA Central Army Sports Club Soviet-Bloc Eastern Europe CSCA is a spelling variation of CSKA, see CSKA for details CSCA-Rapid Chisinau (Moldova) - Rebranded as FC Steaua București
CSA Clubul Sportiv al Armatei Eastern Europe Translated as "Army Sports Club", this implies that the team is affiliated with the army, as well as fielding teams in multiple sports CSA Steaua București (Romania)
CSKA Central Army Sports Club Soviet-Bloc Nations CSKA is a hold-over from the Soviet-Bloc era. There are several various spellings of the initials that mean "Central Army Sports Club", such as CSCA and CWKS. Traditionally, these teams were comprised of members of the Army, but several teams were known to pay players to “join the army” and gave out higher incomes than to the common athlete/soldiers. PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
CWKS Central Army Sports Club Poland In Poland, these teams were either comprised of Army players or were freestanding clubs that were merged with Army clubs but still run independently of the army structure. A variation of CSKA. CWKS Resovia Rzeszow (Poland)
DJK Deutsche Jugendkraft Germany Translated into "German Youth Power", these clubs typically have a traditional youth development component. These clubs are often founded to give their youth outreach players a place to play after they have come of age DJK Agon 08 Düsseldorf (Germany)
E.C. Esporte Clube Brazil Translates to "Sports Club" in Brazilian Portuguese and are found exclusively in Brazil. They serve the same role as a traditional community-based organization like Sport Clubs. Esporte Clube Bahia (Brazil)
e.V. eingetragener Verein German speaking nations Loosely translated into "Registered Association", it indicates that the club is officially registered with the government Fußballclub Rot-Weiß Erfurt e.V. (Germany)
F.B.C. Foot Ball Club South America Rarely used. Found in Peru almost exclusively, and most likely comes from the separating of the two syllables in "foot-ball" into two separate words when using "Football Club" as a part of the clubs name FBC Melgar (Peru)
FF (1) Fotbollförening (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Football Association", it carries the same meaning as either "Football Club" or "Sports Club", depending on the club using it Malmö FF (Sweden)
FF (2) Fodsports forening (various spellings) Scandinavia Literally translated as "Foot Sport Association", these clubs are often the same as Sports Clubs, although a few offer only Football as a sport. Viborg Fodsports Forening, known as VFF (Denmark)
F.F.C. Frauenfußballclub German speaking nations Used in locations where the local word for “Women's” starts with the letter “F,” often used by clubs in Germany. 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
F.K. Football Klub (various spellings) Worldwide Meaning "football Club", F.K. is used in nations where the word “Club” is started with the letter “K,” FK Dinamo-Rīnuži (Latvia)
FSV Fussball- und Sportverein Germany Translates to "Football and Sports Clubs," and is to be used in the same manner as "Sports Club." 1. FSV Mainz 05 (Germany)
G.C. Gymnast Club (various spellings) Europe Rare, but denotes that the club was a part of the sweeping “Sports Club” movement of the early-20th century G.C. 'Azur, now OGC Nice (France)
G.D. Grupo Desportivo Portugal Portuguese for "Sports Group", this is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" G.D. Fabril (Portugal)
GF Gymnastikforening Denmark Found almost exclusively in Denmark, the literal translation is "Gymnastics Association." These football clubs were founded by groups that already had a background in offering gymnastics programs AGF Aarhus (Denmark)
GIF Gymnastik- & Idrottsförening Sweden, Scandinavia Loosely translates into "Athletic & Sports Association" and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" GIF Sundsvall (Sweden)
GKS Górniczy Klub Sportowy Poland Translates into "Mining Sport Club", where the "G" denotes a mining "KS" (Klub Sportowy), and is used in the same manner GKS Katowice (Poland)
GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung German speaking nations While not an exact translation, it's meaning is the same as Limited Liability Company. This indicates that the club is not publicly traded nor it is a community-owned club held in a trust. They are a privately-owned business in which the individual owners are not liable for debts incurred by the club itself Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH (Germany)
IF Idrottsförening Scandinavia Swedish for “Sports Association”, but is often used in the same way that we would imagine a “Sports Club” being used by English speakers. Djurgårdens IF (Sweden)
IFK Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Sweden, Finland Swedish for "Sporting Society Comrades,” clubs within the IFK are a part of an over-arching Scandinavian Youth organization. They trace their roots back more than 110 years and spread throughout Scandinavia. Currently the IFK's are still focused on multiple sports, and still exist in both Sweden and Finland. IFK Göteborg (Sweden)
IK Idræts Klub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translated into "Sports Club," it's use is more like a “S & C/Sports & Culture” club when it is used by teams in Denmark that are made up of players in the foreign diaspora. However, for teams that are not made up of foreign-born players, IK is used in the same fashion as “Sports Club.” Hobro IK (Denmark)
IL Idrettslag Norway Used almost exclusively in Norway, it translates into “Sports Club” with the same meaning implied. Flekkerøy IL (Norway)
IS Idrottsällskap Sweden Loosely translated into "Sports Society", it holds the same meaning as Sports Club. Örgryte IS (Sweden)
J.K./JK (1) Jimnastik Kulübü Turkey Translated into "gymnastics club", it's use indicates that the club itself has either a history of operating a Gymnastics club or is currently running one. In modern usage, these clubs are seen the same way as one sees the usage of "Sports Club" Beşiktaş J.K. (Turkey)
JK (2) Jalkapalloklubi or Jalkapallokerho Finland Loosely translates into "Football Club" and holds the same meaning Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi, known as JJK (Finland)
K Koninklijke Belgium Literally translates into "Royal". Any club with 50 years of continued existence can add "Koninklijke" to their name in Belgium. Has no bearing on the type of club. K. Lierse S.K. (Belgium)
KAA Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Belgium, Low Countires Literally translates to "Royal Athletics Association", and is used in the same fashion as "Sports Club" is. These clubs started off as having "AA", as opposed to "KAA", as teams are allowed to add "Koninklijke" (Royal) to their club name after 50 years of continued existence K.A.A. Gent (Belgium)
K.S. Klub Sportowy Poland This directly translates into “Sports Club”, and has the same connotation and usage Piast Gliwice K.S. (Poland)
M Mestský Czeck and Slovak Republics Literally translated as "City", it denotes the location of the team. Usually precedes other initials, such as MFK MFK Dubnica (Slovakia)
N.K. Nogometni klub Balkan Nations Loosely translates into and is the equivalent to “Football Club”. common at both the upper-tier clubs and lower leagues NK Svoboda (Slovenia)
O Olympic (various spellings) Worldwide Very rarely used in initials, it's used mainly as a reference to the Olympic ideals, and most often used in conjunction with another set of initials OGC Nice (France)
P.F.C. Professional Football Club Worldwide a rare usage, usually indicates a team that has had an amateur side in previous years or still maintains clubs in other sports with an amateur status. Also has found usage as former Government-run teams, such as army, taxation, or police clubs PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
PK Pallokerho Finland Translates into "Ball Club", and hold the same connotation as "Football Club" PK-35 Vantaa (Finland)
PS (1) Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Translated into "Football Association", it carries the same meaning as "Football Club" PS Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesia)
(x)PS (2) Palloseura Finland Unique in the fact that there is always a letter or two in front of the "PS" which is the first letter(s) of the the town that the club is based in. Translated into "Ball Society", it traditionally carries the same meaning as "Football Club" Turun Palloseura/TPS (Finland)
PV Palloveikot Finland Loosely translates into "Ball Fraternity", it's used in the same way as "Social Club" would be used Tampereen Pallo-Veikot (Finland)
R (1) Royal Worldwide Typically added to a club's name after either 50 years of existence or by royal decree via patronage. had no bearing on the organizational operations of the club R Antwerp F.C. (Belgium)
R (2) Regatta (various spellings) Worldwide While fairly rare, the usage of "R" within this context usually signifies a historical tie with a rowing or sailing club Botafogo R (Brazil)
RC (3) Racing/Racing Club (various spellings) Worldwide The usage of "Racing" and "Racing Club" does not necessarily imply anything, but several teams that use a variation of it have historical ties to Track & Field groups, while others have ties to horse racing and even racing various types of boats. It carries zero significance to how the club currently operates, however. RC Lens (France)
R (4) Radnički Croatia, former Yugoslavian nations Meaning "Worker", these clubs are often founded by the "working class" of a town. Most often used a precursor to another abbreviation RNK Split (Croatia)
RB Rasenballsport Fantasyland This term is totally made up by Red Bull to circumvent branding rules in international competitions, yet they claim it's a legitimate term that translates into "Lawn Ball Sport". To any reasonable person, "RB" stands solely for the most crass modern marketing in football. RB Leipzig (Germany)
R.C.D. Real Club Deportivo Spain Translated into "Royal Sports Club," it implies a Sports Club with a royal charter. Implies the same as the term "Sports Club" RCD Mallorca (Spain)
S.A. Sports Association (various spellings) Worldwide These are found in many nations regardless of local language. S.A. may imply multiple teams being fielded - more than one football team, more than one gender, and even more than one sport. A deceptively vague term, and rarely used in English-speaking nations due to the lack of any defined meaning.
S.A.D. Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Spain, Spanish-speaking nations Loosely translated into "Limited Sports Society," this term that the club is a type of LLC. Operates in a similar fashion to GmbH clubs in German-speaking nations Sevilla Fútbol Club, S.A.D. (Spain)
S.C. (2) Soccer Club Worldwide Carries the same meaning as F.C., and it is used primarily in nations where the sport of football is referred to as soccer Columbus Crew SC (United States)
S.C. (3), S&C (4) Sports & Culture (various combinations) Mediterranean regions "Sports & Culture" is used by various club associations to include a community enrichment program as well as sports for both children and adults. N/A
S.D. Sociedad Deportiva Spain, Latin America Directly translates into "Sports Society," and carries the same implied meaning as "Sport Club" SD Ponferradina (Spain)
SE Sociedade Esportiva Brazil Portuguese for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. SE Palmeiras (Brazil)
SG Sportgemeinschaft German-speaking nations Translates into "Sports Association," and is most often used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SG Wattenscheid 09 (Germany)
S.K. (1) Spor Kulübü Turkey Directly translates into "Sports Club" and carries the same connotation. Galatasaray S.K. (Turkey)
S.K. (2) Sportsklubben (various spellings) Scandinavia, Worldwide Directly translates into "Sports Club," these clubs are not beholden to typical conventions. While they are frequently found in Scandinavia, they can be found throughout the world SK Brann (Norway)
SpVgg Spielvereinigung German-speaking nations Translates into "Playing Association," these clubs are like other "Sports Clubs" but usually focus on non-gymnastic sports in addition to football. SpVgg Greuther Fürth (Germany)
S.S. Società Sportiva Italy, Malta Italian for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. Found in Italy to a very small extent, these are fairly common on the island of Malta. S.S. Lazio (Italy)
SSV Schwimmsportverein or Sport- und Schwimmverein Germany Translates to "Swim Sport Club" or "Sports and Swimming Club," and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SSV Ulm 1846 (Germany)
S.T. Soccer Team Worldwide The usage of Soccer Team is frequently found in English-speaking nations where football is referred to as soccer and often implies a youth development component. This is not always the case, as they are found in non-English speaking nations where the sport is referred to as Football. Bassano Virtus 55 S.T. (Italy)
SSC Società Sportiva Calcio Italy Translates as "Sporting and Football Society" and are considered to be clubs who offer several sports, with football being the focus S.S.C. Napoli (Italy)
S.V. Sportverein (various spellings) Low Countries, Germany Meaning “Sports Club" and used in the same context, S.V. teams are found throughout Western Europe, but mainly within the Low Countries and Germany Hannoversche Sportverein 1896 eV, known as Hannover 96 (Germany)
T.S.V. Turn- und Sportverein German-speaking nations This translates to “Gymnastic and Sporting Club," and is to be considered the same as "Sports Club" TSV 1860 München (Germany)
TuS Turn- und Spielvereinigung German-speaking nations Literally translated to "Gymnastic and Gaming Club", used in the same way as "Sports Club" Düsseldorfer TuS Fortuna 1895 e.V. (Germany)
U.C. Unione Calcio Italian-speaking nations Translated directly into "Football Union", these clubs often gain the use of U.C. after a merger with another club. No other significance. U.C. Sampdoria (Italy)
UD Unión Deportiva Spain, Latin America Translates to "Sporting Union" and is used in a similar manner Levante UD (Spain)
U.S. Unione Sportiva Italian-speaking nations Meaning "Sporting Union," these clubs have been renamed after a merger with other groups. They typically offer other sports besides football. U.S. Sassuolo Calcio (Italy)
VfB Verein für Bewegungsspiele German-speaking nations Directly translated into "Club for Exercise games," these clubs are similar to "Sports Clubs" in that they offer other sports in addition to football, but often have a more dedicated push towards to those other sports compared to most "Sports Clubs" VfB Stuttgart (Germany)
VfL Verein für Leibesübungen German-speaking nations Literally translated as "Club for Body exercises," these clubs are often formed by clubs that focus on general overall fitness. There is a tradition of company-founded "VfL" clubs for its workers VfL Wolfsburg (Germany)
VfR Verein für Rasensport German-speaking nations Translates into "Club for Lawnsports," these clubs are more like your traditions "Sports Club" in their offering of other sporting activities VfR Aalen 1921 (Germany)
VV Voetbal Vereniging Low Countries Translates into "Football Association" and carries the same meaning as "Sports Club" VV Steenbergen (Holland)

PART 2: Numbers & Words

Continue to Part 2 HERE
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An extensive guide for cashing out bitcoin and cryptocurrencies into private banks

Hey guys.
Merry Xmas !
I am coming back to you with a follow up post, as I have helped many people cash out this year and I have streamlined the process. After my original post, I received many requests to be more specific and provide more details. I thought that after the amazing rally we have been attending over the last few months, and the volatility of the last few days, it would be interesting to revisit more extensively.
The attitude of banks around crypto is changing slowly, but it is still a tough stance. For the first partial cash out I operated around a year ago for a client, it took me months to find a bank. They wouldn’t want to even consider the case and we had to knock at each and every door. Despite all my contacts it was very difficult back in the days. This has changed now, and banks have started to open their doors, but there is a process, a set of best practices and codes one has to follow.
I often get requests from crypto guys who are very privacy-oriented, and it takes me months to have them understand that I am bound by Swiss law on banking secrecy, and I am their ally in this onboarding process. It’s funny how I have to convince people that banks are legit, while on the other side, banks ask me to show that crypto millionaires are legit. I have a solid background in both banking and in crypto so I manage to make the bridge, but yeah sometimes it is tough to reconcile the two worlds. I am a crypto enthusiast myself and I can say that after years of work in the banking industry I have grown disillusioned towards banks as well, like many of you. Still an account in a Private bank is convenient and powerful. So let’s get started.
There are two different aspects to your onboarding in a Swiss Private bank, compliance-wise.
*The origin of your crypto wealth
*Your background (residence, citizenship and probity)
These two aspects must be documented in-depth.
How to document your crypto wealth. Each new crypto millionaire has a different story. I may detail a few fun stories later in this post, but at the end of the day, most of crypto rich I have met can be categorized within the following profiles: the miner, the early adopter, the trader, the corporate entity, the black market, the libertarian/OTC buyer. The real question is how you prove your wealth is legit.
1. Context around the original amount/investment Generally speaking, your first crypto purchase may not be documented. But the context around this acquisition can be. I have had many cases where the original amount was bought through Mtgox, and no proof of purchase could be provided, nor could be documented any Mtgox claim. That’s perfectly fine. At some point Mtgox amounted 70% of the bitcoin transactions globally, and people who bought there and managed to withdraw and keep hold of their bitcoins do not have any Mtgox claim. This is absolutely fine. However, if you can show me the record of a wire from your bank to Tisbane (Mtgox's parent company) it's a great way to start.
Otherwise, what I am trying to document here is the following: I need context. If you made your first purchase by saving from summer jobs, show me a payroll. Even if it was USD 2k. If you acquired your first bitcoins from mining, show me the bills of your mining equipment from 2012 or if it was through a pool mine, give me your slushpool account ref for instance. If you were given bitcoin against a service you charged, show me an invoice.
2. Tracking your wealth until today and making sense of it. What I have been doing over the last few months was basically educating compliance officers. Thanks God, the blockchain is a global digital ledger! I have been telling my auditors and compliance officers they have the best tool at their disposal to lead a proper investigation. Whether you like it or not, your wealth can be tracked, from address to address. You may have thought all along this was a bad feature, but I am telling you, if you want to cash out, in the context of Private Banking onboarding, tracking your wealth through the block explorer is a boon. We can see the inflows, outflows. We can see the age behind an address. An early adopter who bought 1000 BTC in 2010, and let his bitcoin behind one address and held thus far is legit, whether or not he has a proof of purchase to show. That’s just common sense. My job is to explain that to the banks in a language they understand.
Let’s have a look at a few examples and how to document the few profiles I mentioned earlier.
The trader. I love traders. These are easy cases. I have a ton of respect for them. Being a trader myself in investment banks for a decade earlier in my career has taught me that controlling one’s emotions and having the discipline to impose oneself some proper risk management system is really really hard. Further, being able to avoid the exchange bankruptcy and hacks throughout crypto history is outstanding. It shows real survival instinct, or just plain blissed ignorance. In any cases traders at exchange are easy cases to corroborate since their whole track record is potentially available. Some traders I have met have automated their trading and have shown me more than 500k trades done over the span of 4 years. Obviously in this kind of scenario I don’t show everything to the bank to avoid information overload, and prefer to do some snacking here and there. My strategy is to show the early trades, the most profitable ones, explain the trading strategy and (partially expose) the situation as of now with id pages of the exchanges and current balance. Many traders have become insensitive to the risk of parking their crypto at exchange as they want to be able to trade or to grasp an occasion any minute, so they generally do not secure a substantial portion on the blockchain which tends to make me very nervous.
The early adopter. Provided that he has not mixed his coin, the early adopter or “hodler” is not a difficult case either. Who cares how you bought your first 10k btc if you bought them below 3$ ? Even if you do not have a purchase proof, I would generally manage to find ways. We just have to corroborate the original 30’000 USD investment in this case. I mainly focus on three things here:
*proof of early adoption I have managed to educate some banks on a few evidences specifically related to crypto markets. For instance with me, an old bitcointalk account can serve as a proof of early adoption. Even an old reddit post from a few years ago where you say how much you despise this Ripple premined scam can prove to be a treasure readily available to show you were early.
*story telling Compliance officers like to know when, why and how. They are human being looking for simple answers to simple questions and they don’t want like to be played fool. Telling the truth, even without a proof can do wonders, and even though bluffing might still work because banks don’t fully understand bitcoin yet, it is a risky strategy that is less and less likely to pay off as they are getting more sophisticated by the day.
*micro transaction from an old address you control This is the killer feature. Send a $20 worth transaction from an old address to my company wallet and to one of my partner bank’s wallet and you are all set ! This is gold and considered a very solid piece of evidence. You can also do a microtransaction to your own wallet, but banks generally prefer transfer to their own wallet. Patience with them please. they are still learning.
*signature message Why do a micro transaction when you can sign a message and avoid potentially tainting your coins ?
*ICO millionaire Some clients made their wealth participating in ETH crowdsale or IOTA ICO. They were very easy to deal with obviously and the account opening was very smooth since we could evidence the GENESIS TxHash flow.
The miner Not so easy to proof the wealth is legit in that case. Most early miners never took screenshot of the blocks on bitcoin core, nor did they note down the block number of each block they mined. Until the the Slashdot article from August 2010 anyone could mine on his laptop, let his computer run overnight and wake up to a freshly minted block containing 50 bitcoins back in the days. Not many people were structured enough to store and secure these coins, avoid malwares while syncing the blockchain continuously, let alone document the mined blocks in the process. What was 50 BTC worth really for the early miners ? dust of dollars, games and magic cards… Even miners post 2010 are generally difficult to deal with in terms of compliance onboarding. Many pool mining are long dead. Deepbit is down for instance and the founders are MIA. So my strategy to proof mining activity is as follow:
*Focusing on IT background whenever possible. An IT background does help a lot to bring some substance to the fact you had the technical ability to operate a mining rig.
*Showing mining equipment receipts. If you mined on your own you must have bought the hardware to do so. For instance mining equipment receipts from butterfly lab from 2012-2013 could help document your case. Similarly, high electricity bill from your household on a consistent basis back in the day could help. I have already unlocked a tricky case in the past with such documents when the bank was doubtful.
*Wallet.dat files with block mining transactions from 2011 thereafter This obviously is a fantastic piece of evidence for both you and me if you have an old wallet and if you control an address that received original mined blocks, (even if the wallet is now empty). I will make sure compliance officers understand what it means, and as for the early adopter, you can prove your control over these wallet through a microtransaction. With these kind of addresses, I can show on the block explorer the mined block rewards hitting at regular time interval, and I can even spot when difficulty level increased or when halvening process happened.
*Poolmining account. Here again I have educated my partner bank to understand that a slush account opened in 2013 or an OnionTip presence was enough to corroborate mining activity. The block explorer then helps me to do the bridge with your current wallet.
*Describing your set up and putting it in context In the history of mining we had CPU, GPU, FPG and ASICs mining. I will describe your technical set up and explain why and how your set up was competitive at that time.
The corporate entity Remember 2012 when we were all convinced bitcoin would take over the world, and soon everyone would pay his coffee in bitcoin? How naïve we were to think transaction fees would remain low forever. I don’t blame bitcoin cash supporters; I once shared this dream as well. Remember when we thought global adoption was right around the corner and some brick and mortar would soon accept bitcoin transaction as a common mean of payment? Well, some shop actually did accept payment and held. I had a few cases as such of shops holders, who made it to the multi million mark holding and had invoices or receipts to proof the transactions. If you are organized enough to keep a record for these trades and are willing to cooperate for the documentation, you are making your life easy. The digital advertising business is also a big market for the bitcoin industry, and affiliates partner compensated in btc are common. It is good to show an invoice, it is better to show a contract. If you do not have a contract (which is common since all advertising deals are about ticking a check box on the website to accept terms and conditions), there are ways around that. If you are in that case, pm me.
The black market Sorry guys, I can’t do much for you officially. Not that I am judging you. I am a libertarian myself. It’s just already very difficult to onboard legit btc adopters, so the black market is a market I cannot afford to consider. My company is regulated so KYC and compliance are key for me if I want to stay in business. Behind each case I push forward I am risking the credibility and reputation I have built over the years. So I am sorry guys I am not risking it to make an extra buck. Your best hope is that crypto will eventually take over the world and you won’t need to cash out anyway. Or go find a Lithuanian bank that is light on compliance and cooperative.
The OTC buyer and the libertarian. Generally a very difficult case. If you bought your stack during your journey in Japan 5 years ago to a guy you never met again; or if you accumulated on https://localbitcoins.com/ and kept no record or lost your account, it is going to be difficult. Not impossible but difficult. We will try to build a case with everything else we have, and I may be able to onboard you. However I am risking a lot here so I need to be 100% confident you are legit, before I defend you. Come & see me in Geneva, and we will talk. I will run forensic services like elliptic, chainalysis, or scorechain on an extract of your wallet. If this scan does not raise too many red flags, then maybe we can work together ! If you mixed your coins all along your crypto history, and shredded your seeds because you were paranoid, or if you made your wealth mining professionally monero over the last 3 years but never opened an account at an exchange. ¯_(ツ)_/¯ I am not a magician and don’t get me wrong, I love monero, it’s not the point.
Cashing out ICOs Private companies or foundations who have ran an ICO generally have a very hard time opening a bank account. The few banks that accept such projects would generally look at 4 criteria:
*Seriousness of the project Extensive study of the whitepaper to limit the reputation risk
*AML of the onboarding process ICOs 1.0 have no chance basically if a background check of the investors has not been conducted
*Structure of the moral entity List of signatories, certificate of incumbency, work contract, premises...
*Fiscal conformity Did the company informed the authorities and seek a fiscal ruling.
For the record, I am not into the tax avoidance business, so people come to me with a set up and I see if I can make it work within the legal framework imposed to me.
First, stop thinking Switzerland is a “offshore heaven” Swiss banks have made deals with many governments for the exchange of fiscal information. If you are a French citizen, resident in France and want to open an account in a Private Bank in Switzerland to cash out your bitcoins, you will get slaughtered (>60%). There are ways around that, and I could refer you to good tax specialists for fiscal optimization, but I cannot organize it myself. It would be illegal for me. Swiss private banks makes it easy for you to keep a good your relation with your retail bank and continue paying your bills without headaches. They are integrated to SEPA, provide ebanking and credit cards.
For information, these are the kind of set up some of my clients came up with. It’s all legal; obviously I do not onboard clients that are not tax compliant. Further disclaimer: I did not contribute myself to these set up. Do not ask me to organize it for you. I won’t.
EU tricks
Swiss lump sum taxation Foreign nationals resident in Switzerland can be taxed on a lump-sum basis if they are not gainfully employed in our country. Under the lump-sum tax regime, foreign nationals taking residence in Switzerland may choose to pay an expense-based tax instead of ordinary income and wealth tax. Attractive cantons for the lump sum taxation are Zug, Vaud, Valais, Grisons, Lucerne and Berne. To make it short, you will be paying somewhere between 200 and 400k a year and all expenses will be deductible.
Switzerland has adopted a very friendly attitude towards crypto currency in general. There is a whole crypto valley in Zug now. 30% of ICOs are operated in Switzerland. The reason is that Switzerland has thrived for centuries on banking secrecy, and today with FATCA and exchange of fiscal info with EU, banking secrecy is dead. Regulators in Switzerland have understood that digital ledger technologies were a way to roll over this competitive advantage for the generations to come. Switzerland does not tax capital gains on crypto profits. The Finma has a very pragmatic approach. They have issued guidance- updated guidelines here. They let the business get organized and operate their analysis on a case per case basis. Only after getting a deep understanding of the market will they issue a global fintech license in 2019. This approach is much more realistic than legislations which try to regulate everything beforehand.
Italy new tax exemption. It’s a brand new fiscal exemption. Go to Aoste, get residency and you could be taxed a 100k/year for 10years. Yes, really.
Portugal What’s crazy in Europe is the lack of fiscal harmonization. Even if no one in Brussels dares admit it, every other country is doing fiscal dumping. Portugal is such a country and has proved very friendly fiscally speaking. I personally have a hard time trusting Europe. I have witnessed what happened in Greece over the last few years. Some of our ultra high net worth clients got stuck with capital controls. I mean no way you got out of crypto to have your funds confiscated at the next financial crisis! Anyway. FYI
Malta Generally speaking, if you get a residence somewhere you have to live there for a certain period of time. Being stuck in Italy is no big deal with Schengen Agreement, but in Malta it is a different story. In Malta, the ordinary residence scheme is more attractive than the HNWI residence scheme. Being an individual, you can hold a residence permit under this scheme and pay zero income tax in Malta in a completely legal way.
Monaco Not suitable for French citizens, but for other Ultra High Net worth individual, Monaco is worth considering. You need an account at a local bank as a proof of fortune, and this account generally has to be seeded with at least EUR500k. You also need a proof of residence. I do mean UHNI because if you don’t cash out minimum 30m it’s not interesting. Everything is expensive in Monaco. Real Estate is EUR 50k per square meter. A breakfast at Monte Carlo Bay hotel is 70 EUR. Monaco is sunny but sometimes it feels like a golden jail. Do you really want that for your kids?
Dubaï
  1. Set up a company in Dubaï, get your resident card.
  2. Spend one day every 6 month there
  3. ???
  4. Be tax free
US tricks Some Private banks in Geneva do have the license to manage the assets of US persons and U.S citizens. However, do not think it is a way to avoid paying taxes in the US. Opening an account at an authorized Swiss Private banks is literally the same tax-wise as opening an account at Fidelity or at Bank of America in the US. The only difference is that you will avoid all the horror stories. Horror stories are all real by the way. In Switzerland, if you build a decent case and answer all the questions and corroborate your case in depth, you will manage to convince compliance officers beforehand. When the money eventually hits your account, it is actually available and not frozen.
The IRS and FATCA require to file FBAR if an offshore account is open. However FBAR is a reporting requirement and does not have taxes related to holding an account outside the US. The taxes would be the same if the account was in the US. However penalties for non compliance with FBAR are very large. The tax liability management is actually performed through the management of the assets ( for exemple by maximizing long term capital gains and minimizing short term gains).
The case for Porto Rico. Full disclaimer here. I am not encouraging this. Have not collaborated on such tax avoidance schemes. if you are interested I strongly encourage you to seek a tax advisor and get a legal opinion. I am not responsible for anything written below. I am not going to say much because I am so afraid of uncle Sam that I prefer to humbly pass the hot potato to pwc From here all it takes is a good advisor and some creativity to be tax free on your crypto wealth if you are a US person apparently. Please, please please don’t ask me more. And read the disclaimer again.
Trust tricks Generally speaking I do not accept fringe fiscal situation because it puts me in a difficult situation to the banks I work with, and it is already difficult enough to defend a legit crypto case. Trust might be a way to optimize your fiscal situation. Belize. Bahamas. Seychelles. Panama, You name it. At the end of the day, what matters for Swiss Banks are the beneficial owner and the settlor. Get a legal opinion, get it done, and when you eventually knock at a private bank’s door, don’t say it was for fiscal avoidance you stupid ! You will get the door smashed upon you. Be smarter. It will work. My advice is just to have it done by a great tax specialist lawyer, even if it costs you some money, as the entity itself needs to be structured in a professional way. Remember that with trust you are dispossessing yourself off your wealth. Not something to be taken lightly.
“Anonymous” cash out. Right. I think I am not going into this topic, neither expose the ways to get it done. Pm me for details. I already feel a bit uncomfortable with all the info I have provided. I am just going to mention many people fear that crypto exchange might become reporting entities soon, and rightly so. This might happen anyday. You have been warned. FYI, this only works for non-US and large cash out.
The difference between traders an investors. Danmark, Holland and Germany all make a huge difference if you are a passive investor or if you are a trader. ICO is considered investing for instance and is not taxed, while trading might be considered as income and charged aggressively. I would try my best to protect you and put a focus on your investor profile whenever possible, so you don't have to pay 52% tax if you do not have to :D
Full cash out or partial cash out? People who have been sitting on crypto for long have grown an emotional and irrational link with their coins. They come to me and say, look, I have 50m in crypto but I would like to cash out 500k only. So first let me tell you that as a wealth manager my advice to you is to take some off the table. Doing a partial cash out is absolutely fine. The market is bullish. We are witnessing a redistribution of wealth at a global scale. Bitcoin is the real #occupywallstreet, and every one will discuss crypto at Xmas eve which will make the market even more supportive beginning 2018, especially with all hedge funds entering the scene. If you want to stay exposed to bitcoin and altcoins, and believe these techs will change the world, it’s just natural you want to keep some coins. In the meantime, if you have lived off pizzas over the last years, and have the means to now buy yourself an nice house and have an account at a private bank, then f***ing do it mate ! Buy physical gold with this account, buy real estate, have some cash at hands. Even though US dollar is worthless to your eyes, it’s good and convenient to have some. Also remember your wife deserves it ! And if you have no wife yet and you are socially awkward like the rest of us, then maybe cashing out partially will help your situation ;)
What the Private Banks expect. Joke aside, it is important you understand something. If you come around in Zurich to open a bank account and partially cash out, just don’t expect Private Banks will make an exception for you if you are small. You can’t ask them to facilitate your cash out, buy a 1m apartment with the proceeds of the sale, and not leave anything on your current account. It won’t work. Sadly, under 5m you are considered small in private banking. The bank is ok to let you open an account, provided that your kyc and compliance file are validated, but they will also want you to become a client and leave some money there to invest. This might me despicable, but I am just explaining you their rules. If you want to cash out, you should sell enough to be comfortable and have some left. Also expect the account opening to last at least 3-4 week if everything goes well. You can't just open an account overnight.
The cash out logistics. Cashing out 1m USD a day in bitcoin or more is not so hard.
Let me just tell you this: Even if you get a Tier 4 account with Kraken and ask Alejandro there to raise your limit over $100k per day, Even if you have a bitfinex account and you are willing to expose your wealth there, Even if you have managed to pass all the crazy due diligence at Bitstamp,
The amount should be fractioned to avoid risking your full wealth on exchange and getting slaughtered on the price by trading big quantities. Cashing out involves significant risks at all time. There is a security risk of compromising your keys, a counterparty risk, a fat finger risk. Let it be done by professionals. It is worth every single penny.
Most importantly, there is a major difference between trading on an exchange and trading OTC. Even though it’s not publicly disclosed some exchange like Kraken do have OTC desks. Trading on an exchange for a large amount will weight on the prices. Bitcoin is a thin market. In my opinion over 30% of the coins are lost in translation forever. Selling $10m on an exchange in a day can weight on the prices more than you’d think. And if you trade on a exchange, everything is shown on record, and you might wipe out the prices because on exchanges like bitstamp or kraken ultimately your counterparties are retail investors and the market depth is not huge. It is a bit better on Bitfinex. It is way better to trade OTC. Accessing the institutional OTC market is not easy, and that is also the reason why you should ask a regulated financial intermediary if we are talking about huge amounts.
Last point, always chose EUR as opposed to USD. EU correspondent banks won’t generally block institutional amounts. However we had the cases of USD funds frozen or delayed by weeks.
Most well-known OTC desks are Cumberlandmining (ask for Lucas), Genesis (ask for Martin), Bitcoin Suisse AG (ask for Niklas), circletrade, B2C2, or Altcoinomy (ask for Olivier)
Very very large whales can also set up escrow accounts for massive block trades. This world, where blocks over 30k BTC are exchanged between 2 parties would deserve a reddit thread of its own. Crazyness all around.
Your options: DIY or going through a regulated financial intermediary.
Execution trading is a job in itself. You have to be patient, be careful not to wipe out the order book and place limit orders, monitor the market intraday for spikes or opportunities. At big levels, for a large cash out that may take weeks, these kind of details will save you hundred thousands of dollars. I understand crypto holders are suspicious and may prefer to do it by themselves, but there are regulated entities who now offer the services. Besides, being a crypto millionaire is not a guarantee you will get institutional daily withdrawal limits at exchange. You might, but it will take you another round of KYC with them, and surprisingly this round might be even more aggressive that the ones at Private banks since exchange have gone under intense scrutiny by regulators lately.
The fees for cashing out through a regulated financial intermediary to help you with your cash out should be around 1-2% flat on the nominal, not more. And for this price you should get the full package: execution/monitoring of the trades AND onboarding in a private bank. If you are asked more, you are being abused.
Of course, you also have the option to do it yourself. It is a way more tedious and risky process. Compliance with the exchange, compliance with the private bank, trading BTC/fiat, monitoring the transfers…You will save some money but it will take you some time and stress. Further, if you approach a private bank directly, it will trigger a series of red flag to the banks. As I said in my previous post, they call a direct approach a “walk-in”. They will be more suspicious than if you were introduced by someone and won’t hesitate to show you high fees and load your portfolio with in-house products that earn more money to the banks than to you. Remember also most banks still do not understand crypto so you will have a lot of explanations to provide and you will have to start form scratch with them!
The paradox of crypto millionaires Most of my clients who made their wealth through crypto all took massive amount of risks to end up where they are. However, most of them want their bank account to be managed with a low volatility fixed income capital preservation risk profile. This is a paradox I have a hard time to explain and I think it is mainly due to the fact that most are distrustful towards banks and financial markets in general. Many clients who have sold their crypto also have a cash-out blues in the first few months. This is a classic situation. The emotions involved in hodling for so long, the relief that everything has eventually gone well, the life-changing dynamics, the difficulties to find a new motivation in life…All these elements may trigger a post cash-out depression. It is another paradox of the crypto rich who has every card in his hand to be happy, but often feel a bit sad and lonely. Sometimes, even though it’s not my job, I had to do some psychological support. A lot of clients have also become my friends, because we have the same age and went through the same “ordeal”. First world problem I know… Remember, cashing out is not the end. It’s actually the beginning. Don’t look back, don’t regret. Cash out partially, because it does not make sense to cash out in full, regret it and want back in. relax.
The race to cash out crypto billionaire and the concept of late exiter. The Winklevoss brothers are obviously the first of a series. There will be crypto billionaires. Many of them. At a certain level you can have a whole family office working for you to manage your assets and take care of your needs . However, let me tell you it’s is not because you made it so big that you should think you are a genius and know everything better than anyone. You should hire professionals to help you. Managing assets require some education around the investment vehicles and risk management strategies. Sorry guys but with all the respect I have for wallstreebet, AMD and YOLO stock picking, some discipline is necessary. The investors who have made money through crypto are generally early adopters. However I have started to see another profile popping up. They are not early adopters. They are late exiters. It is another way but just as efficient. Last week I met the first crypto millionaire I know who first bough bitcoin over 1000$. 55k invested at the beginning of this year. Late adopter & late exiter is a route that can lead to the million.
Last remarks. I know banks, bankers, and FIAT currencies are so last century. I know some of you despise them and would like to have them burn to the ground. With compliance officers taking over the business, I would like to start the fire myself sometimes. I hope this extensive guide has helped some of you. I am around if you need more details. I love my job despite all my frustration towards the banking industry because it makes me meet interesting people on a daily basis. I am a crypto enthusiast myself, and I do think this tech is here to stay and will change the world. Banks will have to adapt big time. Things have started to change already; they understand the threat is real. I can feel the generational gap in Geneva, with all these old bankers who don’t get what’s going on. They glaze at the bitcoin chart on CNBC in disbelief and they start to get it. This bitcoin thing is not a joke. Deep inside, as an early adopter who also intends to be a late exiter, as a libertarian myself, it makes me smile with satisfaction.
Cheers. @swisspb on telegram
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The History of Naming Conventions (Redux)

It's back - the History of Naming Conventions..and this time, it's bigger, more detailed, and even sorted alphabetically.
Some of you might remember that post I made before, but seeing as I still get PM's almost daily after originally posting up my History of Naming Conventions at Christmas last year, I figured it was high time to redo the post and try to clean it up a fair bit. Since some of you remember the post well enough to PM me questions even now, You might realize that I have added even more new information as well as cleaning it up and properly sorting the information. Enjoy the all-new "History of Naming Conventions..."

History Of Naming Conventions

While many fans understand that clubs have differing naming conventions, such as Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, and Sheffield F.C., many fans have absolutely no idea what those specific conventions imply. I'm here to set the record straight on why your club is named why it is. But let's start with the basics first, like Sheffield F.C., and work our way up.

The Basics: “F.C.”

“F.C.” Stands for “Football Club.” From the outset, Sheffield F.C. used the term “F.C.” to differentiate it from the other sports club in Sheffield at the time – the rugby club named simply “Sheffield.”
Since football was a brand new thing, the club adopted the “F.C.” to simply allow the locals to know that it wasn't the rugby team – it was the other club in town.
And since rugby clubs had sprouted up all over England long before the game we know as "modern" football became popular, almost every new football club took the naming convention of “F.C.”
At this point, you might be asking yourself, “Why 'club' though?” At that time, all sporting groups were “clubs,” as it was seen as more of a hobby than a profession or a business.
So you might be thinking “Okay, but what about A.F.C.?” Simple: the founding of football did not coincide with a codified set of rules. At the time, several set of rules were around, including “Sheffield Rules” and the familiar “Association Football Rules”. In cities that had a club that played under Sheffield Rules were names “F.C.” and another club that played under Association Football Rules, that club would take the “A.F.C.” convention. “A.F.C.” disappeared for the most part as most teams played under the Association Football Rules by the end of the 19th century, although some teams have kept their old name still to this day.
That's how the whole “F.C.” started.
But what about all of the others? Where did they come from? Why is there teams that use the term “Old Boys”? The following list will go through damn near each and every variation.
Before we do that, however, it pays to remember that the “rules” behind each naming convention are not always 100% for each and every club. Some clubs have just chosen to use the naming convention for the sound of it. Others have used it because it helped with marketing. And who knows why they chose 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig for a name – well, I know why, and you are about to.
We're breaking this down into two separate parts, Initials and Words, that way you can look up information substantially easier.

The List of Naming Conventions:

The Important Ones:

These two form the basis of most club structures - and will be referenced throughout the massive list below. Understanding these two will make your life easier when reading through the list.
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
F.C. Football Club Worldwide F.C. is used by many teams throughout the world and is simply to brand the team as a football club. Historically used to differentiate between football and rugby clubs playing in the same town, the naming convention became the most commonly used in football, with many variations based on local language spelling the words "Football Club" Sheffield F.C. (England)
S.C. (1) Sports Club Worldwide S.C. is used by teams throughout the world where the founding of the team originated from an organized group of individuals in other to provide structure to activities. Oftentimes it's a youth organization. The use of S.C. implies that the organization running the clubs have clubs in more than one sport. S.C. is important to note as many teams throughout the world will have initials that translate into this specific definition in English. Simba S.C. (Tanzania)

The Initials:

(This is set up in alphabetical order, minus the first two entries, which are deemed important enough that you need to know them before others as they are referenced frequently throughout the list.)
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
AA Atletiek Associatie Low Countries Dutch for "Athletic Association" with the implied meaning behind the typical usage of "Sports Club." Traditionally, they offer teams and training in several sports beyond football AA Gent, now known as KAA Gent (Belgium)
A.C. Associazione Calcio Italy Used in Italian-speaking regions, “Associazione Calcio" translates into English as “Football Association” and is the Italian equivalent of “A.F.C.” A.C. Milan (Italy)
A.D. Asociación Deportiva or Agrupación Deportiva Spain, Latin America The Spanish-language version of “SA”, this translates roughly into Sports Association It's often found in Spanish speaking nations throughout the world, but particularly in Spain itself A.D. Isidro Metapán (El Salvador)
A.S. Association Sportive (various spellings) France, Italy, Africa Used primarily in French and Italian speaking nations, it translates as “Sports Association.” Many clubs use this in former French colonies, as well as Italy and France A.S. Douanes (Niger)
A.S.A. (1) Asociația Sportivă Armatei (various spellings) Eastern Europe This roughly translates into “Army Sports Association”, which implies that the club is run by the army, but is not always the case as clubs with A.S.A can be independently run. ASA București, now CSA Steaua București (Romania)
A.S.A. (2) Asociația Sportivă Ardealul Romania This translates into "Transylvania Sports Association", and found exclusively in Romania ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș (Romania)
A.S.D. Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Italy Roughly translates to "Amateur Sports Association”, and found exclusively in Italian-speaking communities. Usage denotes pure amateur clubs (either current or historical) and are often clubs run by the local municipalities. They offer programs from under-4 through Adult leagues. Not many are found near the top of the pyramid, but they form the basis of youth football clubs in Italy A.S.D. Sanremese (Italy)
B Boldklub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". As the single letter "B", it is found almost exclusively in Denmark, but has been used throughout Scandinavia. Vejle Boldklub, known as VB (Denmark)
B.K. Ballklubb (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". Found throughout Scandinavian nations and is fairly common. Rosenborg BK (Norway)
BSG Betriebssportgemeinschaft German speaking nations Translates as "Sports Associations" with the same connotations as "Sports Assications", these clubs also were almost always within the government control of the GDEast German government during the Cold War. Used to denote the Sports Branch of particular trade associations, such as Dynamo, Lokomotive, and Stahl BSG Wismut Aue, now FC Erzgebirge Aue (Germany)
BSV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BSV Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund, known as Borussia Dortmund (Germany)
BV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BV Cloppenburg Frauen (Germany)
C.A. Club Atlético or Clube Atlético Spain, Latin America Translates into “Athletic Club”, these clubs are usually privately owned teams that have an outreach program within the community. Several teams with C.A. do not, however, and have the name as a basis to show that it is sponsored by a private, members-only club. C.A. Progreso (Uruguay)
C.D. Club Deportivo Spain, Latin America This translates into “Sports Club” in English, and is used in the same manner. Club Deportivo Pacífico FC (Peru)
C.F. Club Football (various Spellings) Worldwide Found primarily in Spanish speaking nations, C.F. holds the same meaning as "Football Club." It is used in nations where the local language switches the order of words C.F. Monterrey (Mexico)
C.F.C. Cricket Football Club or Cricket & Football Club Worldwide Fairly rare, C.F.C is used either for teams comprised of cricket players or for a football club founded by a dedicated Cricket Club. These clubs are founded almost exclusively by British expats in major cities throughout the world. Genoa C.F.C. (Italy)
CSCA Central Army Sports Club Soviet-Bloc Eastern Europe CSCA is a spelling variation of CSKA, see CSKA for details CSCA-Rapid Chişinău (Romania) - Rebranded as FC Steaua București
CSA Clubul Sportiv al Armatei Eastern Europe Translated as "Army Sports Club", this implies that the team is affiliated with the army, as well as fielding teams in multiple sports CSA Steaua București (Romania)
CSKA Central Army Sports Club Russian-speaking Soviet-Bloc Nations CSKA is a hold-over from the Soviet-Bloc era. There are several various spellings of the initials that mean "Central Army Sports Club", such as CSCA and CWKS. Traditionally, these teams were wholly-comprised of members of the Army, but several teams were known to pay players to “join the army” and gave out higher incomes than to the common athlete/soldiers. PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
CWKS Central Army Sports Club Poland In Poland, these teams were either comprised of Army players or were freestanding clubs that were merged with Army clubs but still run independently of the army structure. A variation of CSKA. CWKS Resovia Rzeszow (Poland)
DJK Deutsche Jugendkraft Germany Translated into "German Youth Power", these clubs typically have a traditional youth development component. These culbs are often founded to give their youth outreach players a place to play after they have come of age DJK Agon 08 Düsseldorf (Germany)
E.C. Esporte Clube Brazil, Portugal This means "Sports Club" in Portuguese and are found exclusively in Portuguese-speaking nations, with most being found in Brazil. They serve the same role as a traditional community-based organization like Sport Clubs. Esporte Clube Bahia (Brazil)
F.B.C. Foot Ball Club South America Rarely used. Found in Peru almost exclusively, and most likely comes from the separating of the two syllables in "foot-ball" into two separate words when using "Football Club" as a part of the clubs name FBC Melgar (Peru)
FF (1) Fotbollförening (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Football Association", it carries the same meaning as either "Football Club" or "Sports Club", depending on the club using it Malmö FF (Sweden)
FF (2) Fodsports forening (various spellings) Scandinavia Literally translated as "Foot Sport Association", these clubs are often the same as Sports Clubs, although a few offer only Football as a sport. Viborg Fodsports Forening, known as VFF (Denmark)
F.F.C. Frauline Football Club German speaking nations Used in locations where the local word for “Women's” starts with the letter “F,” often used by clubs in Germany. 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
F.K. Football Klub (various spellings) Worldwide Meaning "football Club", F.K. is used in nations where the word “Club” is started with the letter “K,” FK Dinamo-Rīnuži (Latvia)
FSV Fussball- und Sportverein Germany Translates to "Football and Sports Clubs," and is to be used in the same manner as "Sports Club." 1. FSV Mainz 05 (Germany)
GF Gymnastikforening Denmark Found almost exclusively in Denmark, the literal translation is "Gymnastics Association." These football clubs were founded by groups that already had a background in offering gymnastics programs AGF Aarhus (Denmark)
GIF Gymnastik- & Idrottsförening Sweden, Scandinavia Loosely translates into "Athletic & Sports Association" and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" GIF Sundsvall (Sweden)
GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung German speaking nations While not an exact translation, it's meaning is the same as Limited Liability Company. This indicates that the club is not publicly traded nor it is a community-owned club held in a trust. They are a privately-owned business in which the individual owners are not liable for debts incurred by the club itself Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH (Germany)
IF Idrottsförening Scandinavia Swedish for “Sports Association”, but is often used in the same way that we would imagine a “Sports Club” being used by English speakers. Djurgårdens IF (Sweden)
IFK Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Sweden, Finland Swedish for "Sporting Society Comrades,” clubs within the IFK are a part of an over-arching Scandinavian Youth organization. They trace their roots back more than 110 years and spread throughout Scandinavia. Currently the IFK's are still focused on multiple sports, and still exist in both Sweden and Finland. IFK Göteborg (Sweden)
IK Idræts Klub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translated into "Sports Club," it's use is more like a “S & C/Sports & Culture” club when it is used by teams in Denmark that are made up of players in the foreign diaspora. However, for teams that are not made up of foreign-born players, IK is used in the same fashion as “Sports Club.” Hobro IK (Denmark)
IL Idrettslag Norway Used almost exclusively in Norway, it translates into “Sports Club” with the same meaning implied. Flekkerøy IL (Norway)
J.K./JK (1) Jimnastik Kulübü Turkey Translated into "gymnastics club", it's use indicates that the club itself has either a history of operating a Gymnastics club or is currently running one. In modern usage, these clubs are seen the same way as one sees the usage of "Sports Club" Beşiktaş J.K. (Turkey)
JK (2) Jalkapalloklubi or Jalkapallokerho Finland TLoosely Translates into "Football Club" and holds the same meaning. Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi, known as JJK (Finland)
K Koninklijke Belgium Literally translates into "Royal". Any club with 50 years of continued existence can add "Koninklijke" to their name in Belgium. Has no bearing on the type of club. K. Lierse S.K. (Belgium)
KAA Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Belgium, Low Countires Literally translates to "Royal Athletics Association", and is used in the same fashion as "Sports Club" is. These clubs started off as having "AA", as opposed to "KAA", as teams are allowed to add "Koninklijke" (Royal) to their club name after 50 years of continued existence K.A.A. Gent (Belgium)
K.S. Klub Sportowy Poland This directly translates into “Sports Club”, and has the same connotation and usage Piast Gliwice K.S. (Poland)
N.K. Nogometni klub Croatia, former Yugoslavian nations Loosely translates into and is the equivalent to “Football Club”. common at both the upper-tier clubs and lower leagues NK Svoboda (Slovenia)
P.F.C. Professional Football Club Worldwide a rare usage, usually indicates a team that has had an amateur side in previous years or still maintains clubs in other sports with an amateur status. Also has found usage as former Government-run teams, such as army, taxation, or police clubs PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
R (1) Royal Worldwide Typically added to a club's name after either 50 years of existence or by royal decree via patronage. had no bearing on the organizational operations of the club R Antwerp F.C. (Belgium)
R (2) Regatta (various spellings) Worldwide While fairly rare, the usage of "R" within this context signifies a historical tie with a rowing or sailing club Botafogo R (Brazil)
RC (3) Racing/Racing Club (various spellings) Worldwide The usage of "Racing" and "Racing Club" does not necessarily imply anything, but several teams that use a variation of it have historical ties to Track & Field groups, while others have ties to horse racing and even racing various types of boats. It carries zero significance to how the club currently operates, however. RC Lens (France)
RB Rasenballsport Fantasyland This term is totally made up by Red Bull to circumvent branding rules in international competitions, yet they claim it's a legitimate term that translates into "Lawn Ball Sport". To any reasonable person, "RB" stands solely for the most crass modern marketing in football. RB Leipzig (Germany)
R.C.D. Real Club Deportivo Spain Translated into "Royal Sports Club," it implies a Sports Club with a royal charter. Implies the same as the term "Sports Club" RCD Mallorca (Spain)
S.A. Sports Association (various spellings) Worldwide These are found in many nations regardless of local language. S.A. may imply multiple teams being fielded - more than one football team, more than one gender, and even more than one sport. A deceptively vague term, and rarely used in English-speaking nations due to the lack of any defined meaning.
S.A.D. Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Spain, Spanish-speaking nations Loosely translated into "Limited Sports Society," this term that the club is a type of LLC. Operates in a similar fashion to GmbH clubs in German-speaking nations Sevilla Fútbol Club, S.A.D. (Spain)
S.C. (2) Soccer Club Worldwide Carries the same meaning as F.C., and it is used primarily in nations where the sport of football is referred to as soccer Columbus Crew SC (United States)
S.C. (3), S&C (4) Sports & Culture (various combinations) Mediterranean regions "Sports & Culture" is used by various club associations to include a community enrichment program as well as sports for both children and adults. N/A
S.D. Sociedad Deportiva Spain, Latin America Directly translates into "Sports Society," and carries the same implied meaning as "Sport Club" SD Ponferradina (Spain)
SE Sociedade Esportiva Brazil Portuguese for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. SE Palmeiras (Brazil)
SG Sportgemeinschaft German-speaking nations Translates into "Sports Association," and is most often used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SG Wattenscheid 09 (Germany)
S.K. (1) Spor Kulübü Turkey Directly translates into "Sports Club" and carries the same connotation. Galatasaray S.K. (Turkey)
S.K. (2) Sportsklubben (various spellings) Scandinavia, Worldwide Directly translates into "Sports Club," these clubs are not beholden to typical conventions. While they are frequently found in Scandinavia, they can be found throughout the world SK Brann (Norway)
SpVgg Spielvereinigung German-speaking nations Translates into "Playing Association," these clubs are like other "Sports Clubs" but usually focus on non-gymnastic sports in addition to football. SpVgg Greuther Fürth (Germany)
S.S. Società Sportiva Italy, Malta Italian for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. Found in Italy to a very small extent, these are fairly common on the island of Malta. S.S. Lazio (Italy)
SSV Schwimmsportverein or Sport- und Schwimmverein Germany Translates to "Swim Sport Club" or "Sports and Swimming Club," and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SSV Ulm 1846 (Germany)
S.T. Soccer Team Worldwide The usage of Soccer Team is frequently found in English-speaking nations where football is referred to as soccer and often implies a youth development component. This is not always the case, as they are found in non-English speaking nations where the sport is referred to as Football. Bassano Virtus 55 S.T. (Italy)
SSC Società Sportiva Calcio Italy Translates as "Sporting and Football Society" and are considered to be clubs who offer several sports, with football being the focus S.S.C. Napoli (Italy)
S.V. Sportverein (various spellings) Low Countries, Germany Meaning “Sports Club" and used in the same context, S.V. teams are found throughout Western Europe, but mainly within the Low Countries and Germany Hannoversche Sportverein 1896 eV, known as Hannover 96 (Germany)
T.S.V. Turn- und Sportverein German-speaking nations This translates to “Gymnastic and Sporting Club," and is to be considered the same as "Sports Club" TSV 1860 München (Germany)
U.C. Unione Calcio Italian-speaking nations Translated directly into "Football Union", these clubs often gain the use of U.C. after a merger with another club. No other significance. U.C. Sampdoria (Italy)
UD Unión Deportiva Spain, Latin America Translates to "Sporting Union" and is used in a similar manner Levante UD (Spain)
U.S. Unione Sportiva Italian-speaking nations Meaning "Sporting Union," these clubs have been renamed after a merger with other groups. They typically offer other sports besides football. U.S. Sassuolo Calcio (Italy)
VfB Verein für Bewegungsspiele German-speaking nations Directly translated into "Club for Exercise games," these clubs are similar to "Sports Clubs" in that they offer other sports in addition to football, but often have a more dedicated push towards to those other sports compared to most "Sports Clubs" VfB Stuttgart (Germany)
VfL Verein für Leibesübungen German-speaking nations Literally translated as "Club for Body exercises," these clubs are often formed by clubs that focus on general overall fitness. There is a tradition of company-founded "VfL" clubs for its workers VfL Wolfsburg (Germany)
VfR Verein für Rasensport German-speaking nations Translates into "Club for Lawnsports," these clubs are more like your traditions "Sports Club" in their offering of other sporting activities VfR Aalen 1921 (Germany)
VV Voetbal Vereniging Low Countries Translates into "Football Association" and carries the same meaning as "Sports Club" VV Steenbergen (Holland)
The Numbers:
Occasionally, you will find numbers within the both the full and proper name of a club as well as the commonly used name for the club. Below is a description on what they mean:
Number Structure Meaning
XXXX - four digits Found throughout the world, this number is almost always the founding year of the club. An example of this is TSV 1860 München.
XX - two digits Found throughout the world, this is the last two numbers in the given century of their founding. Bayer 04 Leverkusen is a popular example of this.
1. - as a precursor Found primarily in Europe, the “1.” in front of the club's name indicates that that club was the first club founded in a city. It's a source of pride for these clubs, and is still used to this day, primarily in Germany. An example of this would be 1. FC Lübars.
The Words:
This section focuses on words that you'll often see in names of several clubs. These words may be to help differentiate between clubs from the same city, they may be tied to their history, their formation, who founded the clubs, or even professional versus amateur status. Like the initials, these rules are not always 100% true, and are to used as guides to help understand the history behind the name for the most teams possible. Yes, there are exceptions to possibly all of these, but the exceptions are much less frequent thean the rule - hence using exceptions.
Word Purpose
Academia (various spellings) Clubs that have historical ties to universities. Found throughout the world.
Alemannia or Germania An old name for Germany.
Ajax A reference from Greek mythology. Some clubs in Africa and the Americas with the name are affiliated with Ajax of Holland.
Albion A very old name for Great Britain. Used to denote a specific team in a community with more than one club. UK only.
Apollon A reference to the Greek god Apollo. No other significance.
Arsenal Used throughout Europe, these clubs have a traditional association with Weapons manufacturing.
Astra or Asteras Greek for "star," used all over Europe.
Atlas Usually a reference to Greek mythology, occasionally a reference to the mountain range by that name. No other significance.
Athletic Just a general term if used without any other modifier. Found everywhere.
Borussia Latin for Prussia, used by clubs in Germany
Brown A reference to Guillermo Brown/William Brown, an Irish/Argentinian Sea Captain. Argentina only.
Calcio Italian for "football," no special significance if used without another modifier.
Casuals Often used to denote a club's "amateur" status.
Celtic These are clubs that are often founded by members of the Celtic Diaspora and are found throughout the world.
Chernomorets Bulgarian name for the Black Sea, no special significance. Used in Bulgarian-speaking areas.
City Usage of this denotes that the club represents a specific city, and is used to identify a specific club within a city of multiple clubs. Also denotes clubs that are a part of the “City Football Group” - Manchester, Melbourne, and New York City.
Collieries Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily England.
Corinthians References the town of Corinth in Greece, and is often used to allude to the Corinthian ideal of amateurism in sports. Also used to denote an "amateur" club.
Cosmos Short for Cosmopolitan, represents the ideal of multiculturalism. No other significance.
Days (Specific days of the week) Used to specify specific clubs in communities with more than one club. An example is Sheffield Wednesday (which came from the original Cricket club's name)
Douanes Clubs that are supported by National Customs and Taxation departments. Found in French speaking nations.
Dutch Lions These are clubs owned by the Dutch club F.C. Twente, found only in the U.S.A.
Dynamo (various spellings) These clubs were originally a part of the “Dynamo” Sport society, founded by the Soviets in the early 20th century. Often attached to the Department of Interior Security.
En Avant French for “forward,” no other significance.
Eintracht German for "united," no other significance.
Español Simply refers to the country of Spain, although it has been used by members of the Spanish diaspora.
Espoir or Espérance) French for "hope," no other significance. French Speaking nations only.
Estudiantes Clubs that have historical ties to universities. Found throughout the Spanish-speaking world.
Excelsior Means “higher”, no other significance
Gimnasia (various spellings) Implying Gymnastics. These clubs often have ties with Gymnastics clubs or groups.
Górnik Sometimes abbreviated as GKS, these are clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily found in Poland.
Hapoel An Israeli sporting association that can links to various trades unions. Often left-leaning historically. Israel only.
Hibernian These are clubs that are traditionally founded by members of the Irish Diaspora and are found throughout Scotland, Malta and in Ireland itself.
Inter or International Denotes clubs that are founded by either immigrants to their location or are using the term to identify themselves differently from other clubs, sometimes by way of splinter groups forming their own club.
Ittihad Arabic for “union,” with the implied meaning of “United” in English.
Juve (also: Juventus, Jeunesse, Juniors, Youth) A reference to youth, no other significance.
Lokomotiv (various spellings) Clubs founded by Railways or railway workers, these clubs can be found throughout the world. Most are professional, but some still have actual railroad workers on their rosters.
Maccabi A reference to the Maccabi sports society of Israel. Found in several nations with large, Jewish populations. Often affiliated with youth sports.
Metallurg Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Usually Russian-speaking nations with this spelling.
Metalurh Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Ukrainian clubs with this spelling.
Mineros Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily found in Spanish-speaking South American nations.
Mohammedan Denotes clubs founded in the principles of the Muslim faith, usually as youth outreach groups. Found everywhere.
Nacional (various spellings) Means “national”, but usually denotes nothing. Occasionally used for teams of the army, but more often used to identify specific teams in larger markets. Used everywhere.
Old Boys Clubs that were founded to provide football at an age past school age for a particular school.
Olympic (various spellings) References the Olympic Games, but bears no other significance.
Petrolero Clubs that have were founded by either workers in the Petrol/Oil industry or by the companies themselves. Found throughout the petrol/oil producing world.
Police (various spellings) Clubs that have an affiliation with governmental policing groups. Often consist of active members of the police force, but some do have professional footballs within their ranks.
Politehnica Clubs with ties to a specific university. Found primarily in Eastern Europe.
Preußen German for "Prussia," no other significance.
Racing References a historical relationship with racing - either Track & Field events, rowing, sailing, or even horse racing. Oftentimes, these clubs used the middle of the racing oval as their original home ground.
Rangers The name occasionally implies a tie-in towards the military or policing, however this is a rare occurence, as the name traditionally means nothing of significance for the club.
Real Spanish for “Royal”, these clubs have the direct patronage of the Spanish Monarchy. Found is Spanish speaking nations. Excludes Real Salt Lake of the MLS.
Red Bull Found throughout the world, these are clubs that are not only sponsored by the Red Bull Energy Drink company, they are often founded by them. Most people detest the names, even their own fans.
Regatas (various spelling) Often used to denote clubs that have an association with either rowing or sailing, these are mainly found in Brazil.
Rio Branco A reference to José Paranhos, His Excellency The Baron of Rio Branco. The Godfather of Brazilian diplomacy. Found only in Brazil.
Rovers This denotes a team that was founded without a specific home ground. They are found primarily in the British Isles.
Royal A word that Belgian clubs can use after 50 years of continuous existence. Can use the German, French, Dutch or English version of the the word.
Ruch Meaning “movement” in Polish. No other significance.
Santos (or San) It's the Spanish and Portuguese word for “Saint” (or “St.”), but it doesn't mean imply anything specific.
Shamrock A national symbol of Ireland, used in both Ireland and the U.S.A. No other significance.
Slavia Just refers to the Slavic people, Found in Eastern Europe and supported by men in matching tracksuits squatting on the sidelines.
Sparta Referencing the Greek town of Sparta, but has no special significance.
Spartak A reference to Spartacus, the slave-turned-leader of a revolt almost two thousand years ago. Found throughout Eastern Europe and Russia.
-spor (ending of a name) Means “sport,” and is found in Turkey.
Sporting This implies that the club is a part of a larger group of teams in various sports. If a club uses the name “Sporting”, it is the name of the overarching group for all the teams in all of the sports that it participates in.
Staal Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Norwegian with this spelling.
Stade The French word for “stadium.” These clubs are often named after their original home ground.
Stahl Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily German with this spelling.
Stal Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Eastern European with this spelling.
Swifts The plural for Swift, a type of bird. No other significance.
Thistle A national symbol of Scotland. No other significance.
Torpedo A reference to the Soviet Volunteer Sports Society, indicates a historical tie to Russia.
United (various spelling) Outside of England, this is indicative of clubs that were founded by the merger of two or more clubs. Sometimes this is used to denote a different club if more than one exist within the same community. Found everywhere.
Universidad (various spellings) Clubs that have ties, usually founding ties, to a University. These are found throughout the world.
Wanderers This denotes a team that was founded without a specific home ground. They are found throughout the world, but primarily English-speaking nations.
Welfare A reference to the “Well-being” movement of the early 1900's. These clubs are usually small and community-based. Mainly in England.
Wolves Just implies the animal, no other significance.
Young Boys Clubs with ties to a local school, often used to differentiate between multiple clubs.
Zagłębie Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Only in Poland.
Zenit A reference indicating that the club was once a part of the Zenit Soviet Sports Society or an alliance with the Zenit itself.
So, now you know what "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig" means. It's the first football club founded in Leipzeg and it was started by the railway company for their workers. Pretty fucking cool, huh?
IF you have any comments, questions, or just want to point out an exception to the rule, feel free!
-FCVD
EDIT: I added a few things to the list based on suggestions, so thanks for those that suggested some more history to be shared.
Also, thanks for the gold, ya fuckin' beaut!
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Former Maltese Minister, John Dalli Joins the Advisory Board of DRIFE

DRIFE is extremely pleased to announce that former Maltese politician, Mr John Dalli has joined Drife’s Advisory Board. Mr Dalli has served in the Maltese Government as Cabinet Minister between 1987 and 2010. He has also served as European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy between 2010 and 2012.
Mr Dalli brings with him a wealth of experience working in the public and the private sector for more than four decades. Mr Dalli is an accountant by vocation and started his career working on the dry docks of Malta and later in a private advertising firm. He later worked for Blue Bell, where, on his last assignment, he was head of the Management Information Systems Development Team.
In 1987, Mr Dalli was elected to the parliament of Malta and was appointed Junior Minister for Industry. During his rich political tenure, where he was elected to the House of representatives in five successive elections, Mr Dalli has served as Cabinet Minister in various departments like Economy, Finance, Foreign Affairs and Social Policy. He has also served as a personal consultant to the Prime Minister of Malta on healthcare reform.
During his tenure at the Ministry of Finance (the longest in Maltese political history), Mr Dalli has been credited with the modernisation of the taxation system through the introduction of VAT in 1994 and again in 1998. He simplified Income Tax and improved its collection through various programs. He is also credited with the creation of the financial services centre. Mr Dalli is remembered for the various economic structures that are seen in Malta today that have gained worldwide recognition for providing a conducive and progressive environment.
Credited with being the architect of the modern Maltese economy, Mr Dalli reformed and restructured its stagnant, capitalist undertones to create an open, free market economy, by reducing public sector industries and encouraging more privatization.
Mr Dalli was often seen as a bridge between Malta as an emerging important Mediterranean nation and the rest of Europe and its neighbours. His vast experience in international affairs was shaped by his responsibility for the external economic relations between Malta and other countries for many years. He has often played a vital role in the negotiations between Malta and foreign governments in all matters relating to trade, finance and economy. Mr Dalli was co-Chairman of the Joint Commission between Libya and Malta, from 1987 to 2004 (barring two years from 1996 to 1998).
Mr Dalli now runs his own consultancy, Tabor Consult Ltd. He offers services to assist commercial organisations to develop strategies to meet the challenges and exploit the opportunities of a changing geopolitical environment. He also helps Governments in formulating and implementing policies to reform their social, economic and fiscal sectors.
Speaking on his association with DRIFE, Mr Dalli was enthusiastic about his new assignment.
“Malta is on the forefront of the blockchain revolution. I have been witnessing the growth of this fascinating industry for some time now. The Maltese government has been extremely proactive in creating a favourable regulatory regime that has successfully attracted many blockchain businesses to this island. We are proud to be called the “Blockchain Island. After studying what DRIFE is seeking to create, I have no doubts in my mind that they are combining the most disruptive ideas in recent times with the most transformative technologies we have ever seen. The result can only be awe-inspiring.”
In his keynote speech at the World Blockchain STO Summit Dubai, UAE on 29th April 2019, Mr Dalli emphasised the need for the consumer to be given principal consideration in the Blockchain revolution. In his role with DRIFE, John Dalli will assist to put this in practice so that the consumer enjoys the best deal.
Ms Firdosh Sheikh, co-founder and CEO of DRIFE expressed great pleasure on Mr Dalli joining the Board of Advisors. She said
“Its an honour to have a person of Mr Dalli’s stature as our advisor. The possibilities and opportunities he brings for the entire team to learn from his experience in our bid to take DRIFE to the next level are endless. We all are looking forward to getting a piece of the immense insights and expertise he possesses.”
DRIFE is creating a NexGen ride-hailing platform on the blockchain that seeks to empower all the stakeholders of the ecosystem — the riders, drivers and developers.
If you have any further Questions, please feel free to Contact any of our Admins directly in our Telegram Chat: https://t.me/Drife_officialchat
Follow us and stay up to date by clicking the links below:Website: https://www.drife.one/
Bitcointalk: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=5076512.msg48267959#msg48267959
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drife.official/?ref=br_rs
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Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/drifeofficial/
Telegram: https://t.me/Drife_officialchat
submitted by Drife_Official to u/Drife_Official [link] [comments]

"The History of Naming Conventions": 3rd Annual Christmas Edition

The "History of Naming Conventions" is back for the third time on Christmas morning yet again to give you everything you ever wanted to know about the names of clubs from all over the world. And this time, it's very slightly bigger, a touch more detailed, and I didn't fuck up all the Portuguese and some Central European clubs.
Some of you might remember that I have posted versions of this twice before, but seeing as I still get PM's almost daily after originally posting up my first History of Naming Conventions at Christmas of 2015, I figured it was high time to redo the post and try to clean it up a fair bit. The follow-up post, the "Redux" edition, cleaned it up a bit more, and sorted the info alphabetically.
Happy Holidays (yes, even to RB fans) and I hope you enjoy the History of Naming Conventions, and an all-new (copy & pasted from something else I wrote and posted here before) in-depth explanation of the history of the World's Oldest Football Club, Sheffield FC. I've copy & pasted that into a comment in this post.

History Of Naming Conventions

While many fans understand that clubs have differing naming conventions, such as Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, and Sheffield F.C., many fans have absolutely no idea what those specific conventions imply. I'm here to set the record straight on why your club is named why it is. But let's start with the basics first, like the first football team, Sheffield F.C., and work our way up.

The Basics: “F.C.”

“F.C.” Stands for “Football Club.” From the outset, Sheffield F.C. used the term “F.C.” to differentiate it from the other sports club in Sheffield at the time – the rugby club named that was simply named “Sheffield.”
Since football was a brand new thing, the club adopted the “F.C.” to simply allow the locals to know that it wasn't the rugby team – it was the other Sheffield club playing that new sport where someone can't use their hands.
And since rugby clubs had sprouted up all over England long before the game we know as "modern" football became popular, almost every new football club took the naming convention of “F.C.”
At this point, you might be asking yourself, “Why 'club' though?” At that time, all sporting groups were “clubs,” as it was seen as more of a hobby than a profession or a business.
So you might be thinking “Okay, but what about A.F.C.?” Simple: the founding of football did not coincide with a codified set of rules. At the time, several set of rules were around, including “Sheffield Rules” and the familiar “Association Football Rules”. In cities that had a club that played under Sheffield Rules were names “F.C.” and another club that played under Association Football Rules, that club would take the “A.F.C.” convention. “A.F.C.” disappeared for the most part as most teams played under the Association Football Rules by the end of the 19th century, although some teams have kept their old name still to this day.
That's how the whole “F.C.” started.
But what about all of the others? Where did they come from? Why is there teams that use the term “Old Boys”? The following list will go through damn near each and every variation.
Before we do that, however, it pays to remember that the “rules” behind each naming convention are not always 100% for each and every club. Some clubs have just chosen to use the naming convention for the sound of it. Others have used it because it helped with marketing. And who knows why they chose 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig for a name – well, I know why, and you are about to.
We're breaking this down into two separate parts, Initials and Words, that way you can look up information substantially easier.

The List of Naming Conventions:

The Important Ones:

These two form the basis of most club structures - and will be referenced throughout the massive list below. Understanding these two in advance will make your life easier when reading through the list.
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
F.C. Football Club Worldwide F.C. is used by many teams throughout the world and is simply to brand the team as a football club. Historically used to differentiate between football and rugby clubs playing in the same town, the naming convention became the most commonly used in football, with many variations based on local language spelling the words "Football Club" Sheffield F.C. (England)
S.C. (1) Sports Club (various spellings) Worldwide S.C. is used by teams throughout the world where the founding of the team originated from an organized group of individuals in order to provide structure to activities. Oftentimes it's a youth organization. The use of S.C. implies that the organization running the clubs have clubs in more than one sport. S.C. is important to note as many teams throughout the world will have initials that translate into this specific definition in English. Simba S.C. (Tanzania)

The Initials:

(This is set up in alphabetical order, minus the first two entries, which are deemed important enough that you need to know them before others as they are referenced frequently throughout the list.)
Initials Fully Expanded Location Translation & Meaning Example Club & Nation
AA Atletiek Associatie Low Countries Dutch for "Athletic Association" with the implied meaning behind the typical usage of "Sports Club." Traditionally, they offer teams and training in several sports beyond football AA Gent, now known as KAA Gent (Belgium)
A.C. Associazione Calcio Italy Used in Italian-speaking regions, “Associazione Calcio" translates into English as “Football Association” and is the Italian equivalent of “A.F.C.” A.C. Milan (Italy)
A.D. (1) Asociación Deportiva or Agrupación Deportiva Spain, Latin America The Spanish-language version of “SA”, this translates roughly into Sports Association. It's often found in Spanish speaking nations throughout the world, but particularly in Spain itself A.D. Isidro Metapán (El Salvador)
A.D. (2) Associação Desportiva Portugal The Portuguese-language version of “SA”, this translates loosely into Sports Association and is used in the same context AD Nogueirense (Portugal)
A.S. Association Sportive (various spellings) France, Italy, Africa Used primarily in French and Italian speaking nations, it translates as “Sports Association.” Many clubs use this in former French colonies, as well as Italy and France A.S. Douanes (Niger)
A.S.A. (1) Asociația Sportivă Armatei (various spellings) Eastern Europe This roughly translates into “Army Sports Association”, which implies that the club is run by the army, but is not always the case as clubs with A.S.A can be independently run. ASA București, now CSA Steaua București (Romania)
A.S.A. (2) Asociația Sportivă Ardealul Romania This translates into "Transylvania Sports Association", and found exclusively in Romania ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș (Romania)
A.S.D. Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Italy Roughly translates to "Amateur Sports Association”, and found exclusively in Italian-speaking communities. Usage denotes pure amateur clubs (either current or historical) and are often clubs run by the local municipalities. They offer programs from under-4 through Adult leagues. Not many are found near the top of the pyramid, but they form the basis of youth football clubs in Italy A.S.D. Sanremese (Italy)
B (1) Boldklub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". As the single letter "B", it is found almost exclusively in Denmark, but has been used throughout Scandinavia. Vejle Boldklub, known as VB (Denmark)
B (2) "B" Squad Worldwide In this instance the letter "B" indicates that this club is the secondary team to the primary Adult team fielded by the organization, and often indicates the "reserve" squad for professional teams Real Betis B (Spain)
B.K. Ballklubb (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Ball Club", with the same implied connotations as "Football Club". Found throughout Scandinavian nations and is fairly common. Rosenborg BK (Norway)
BSG Betriebssportgemeinschaft German speaking nations Translates as "Sports Associations" with the same connotations as "Sports Assications", these clubs also were almost always within the government control of the GDEast German government during the Cold War. Used to denote the Sports Branch of particular trade associations, such as Dynamo, Lokomotive, and Stahl BSG Wismut Aue, now FC Erzgebirge Aue (Germany)
BSV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BSV Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund, known as Borussia Dortmund (Germany)
BV Ballsportverein or Ballspielverein German speaking nations Translates into "Ball Sports Club" and used in the same context as "Sports Club" they are often found to maintain clubs in multiple sports, and often have programs for youth, men and women. BV Cloppenburg Frauen (Germany)
C Combinatie Netherlands Translates into "Combined", meaning that the club was founded as a merger between two existing clubs RKC Waalwijk (Netherlands)
C.A. Club Atlético or Clube Atlético Spain, Portugal, Latin America Translates into “Athletic Club”, these clubs are usually privately owned teams that have an outreach program within the community. Several teams with C.A. do not, however, and have the name as a basis to show that it is sponsored by a private, members-only club. C.A. Progreso (Uruguay)
C.D. Club Deportivo or Clube Desportivo Spain, Portugal, Latin America This translates into “Sports Club” in English, and is used in the same manner. Club Deportivo Pacífico FC (Peru)
C.F. Club Football (various spellings) Worldwide Found primarily in Spanish and Portuguese speaking nations, C.F. holds the same meaning as "Football Club." It is used in nations where the local language switches the order of words C.F. Monterrey (Mexico)
C.F.C. Cricket Football Club or Cricket & Football Club Worldwide Fairly rare, C.F.C is used either for teams comprised of cricket players or for a football club founded by a dedicated Cricket Club. These clubs are founded almost exclusively by British expats in major cities throughout the world. Genoa C.F.C. (Italy)
C.S. Club Sport Latin America Used with the same meaning as Sport Club
CSCA Central Army Sports Club Soviet-Bloc Eastern Europe CSCA is a spelling variation of CSKA, see CSKA for details CSCA-Rapid Chisinau (Moldova) - Rebranded as FC Steaua București
CSA Clubul Sportiv al Armatei Eastern Europe Translated as "Army Sports Club", this implies that the team is affiliated with the army, as well as fielding teams in multiple sports CSA Steaua București (Romania)
CSKA Central Army Sports Club Soviet-Bloc Nations CSKA is a hold-over from the Soviet-Bloc era. There are several various spellings of the initials that mean "Central Army Sports Club", such as CSCA and CWKS. Traditionally, these teams were comprised of members of the Army, but several teams were known to pay players to “join the army” and gave out higher incomes than to the common athlete/soldiers. PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
CWKS Central Army Sports Club Poland In Poland, these teams were either comprised of Army players or were freestanding clubs that were merged with Army clubs but still run independently of the army structure. A variation of CSKA. CWKS Resovia Rzeszow (Poland)
DJK Deutsche Jugendkraft Germany Translated into "German Youth Power", these clubs typically have a traditional youth development component. These culbs are often founded to give their youth outreach players a place to play after they have come of age DJK Agon 08 Düsseldorf (Germany)
E.C. Esporte Clube Brazil This means "Sports Club" in Portuguese and are found exclusively in Brazil. They serve the same role as a traditional community-based organization like Sport Clubs. Esporte Clube Bahia (Brazil)
e.V. eingetragener Verein German speaking nations Loosely translated into "Registered Association", it indicates that the club is officially registered with the government Fußballclub Rot-Weiß Erfurt e.V. (Germany)
F.B.C. Foot Ball Club South America Rarely used. Found in Peru almost exclusively, and most likely comes from the separating of the two syllables in "foot-ball" into two separate words when using "Football Club" as a part of the clubs name FBC Melgar (Peru)
FF (1) Fotbollförening (various spellings) Scandinavia Translates into "Football Association", it carries the same meaning as either "Football Club" or "Sports Club", depending on the club using it Malmö FF (Sweden)
FF (2) Fodsports forening (various spellings) Scandinavia Literally translated as "Foot Sport Association", these clubs are often the same as Sports Clubs, although a few offer only Football as a sport. Viborg Fodsports Forening, known as VFF (Denmark)
F.F.C. Frauenfußballclub German speaking nations Used in locations where the local word for “Women's” starts with the letter “F,” often used by clubs in Germany. 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
F.K. Football Klub (various spellings) Worldwide Meaning "football Club", F.K. is used in nations where the word “Club” is started with the letter “K,” FK Dinamo-Rīnuži (Latvia)
FSV Fussball- und Sportverein Germany Translates to "Football and Sports Clubs," and is to be used in the same manner as "Sports Club." 1. FSV Mainz 05 (Germany)
G.D. Grupo Desportivo Portugal Portuguese for "Sports Group", this is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" G.D. Fabril (Portugal)
GF Gymnastikforening Denmark Found almost exclusively in Denmark, the literal translation is "Gymnastics Association." These football clubs were founded by groups that already had a background in offering gymnastics programs AGF Aarhus (Denmark)
GIF Gymnastik- & Idrottsförening Sweden, Scandinavia Loosely translates into "Athletic & Sports Association" and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" GIF Sundsvall (Sweden)
GKS Górniczy Klub Sportowy Poland Translates into "Mining Sport Club", where the "G" denotes a mining "KS" (Klub Sportowy), and is used in the same manner GKS Katowice (Poland)
GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung German speaking nations While not an exact translation, it's meaning is the same as Limited Liability Company. This indicates that the club is not publicly traded nor it is a community-owned club held in a trust. They are a privately-owned business in which the individual owners are not liable for debts incurred by the club itself Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH (Germany)
IF Idrottsförening Scandinavia Swedish for “Sports Association”, but is often used in the same way that we would imagine a “Sports Club” being used by English speakers. Djurgårdens IF (Sweden)
IFK Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Sweden, Finland Swedish for "Sporting Society Comrades,” clubs within the IFK are a part of an over-arching Scandinavian Youth organization. They trace their roots back more than 110 years and spread throughout Scandinavia. Currently the IFK's are still focused on multiple sports, and still exist in both Sweden and Finland. IFK Göteborg (Sweden)
IK Idræts Klub (various spellings) Denmark, Scandinavia Translated into "Sports Club," it's use is more like a “S & C/Sports & Culture” club when it is used by teams in Denmark that are made up of players in the foreign diaspora. However, for teams that are not made up of foreign-born players, IK is used in the same fashion as “Sports Club.” Hobro IK (Denmark)
IL Idrettslag Norway Used almost exclusively in Norway, it translates into “Sports Club” with the same meaning implied. Flekkerøy IL (Norway)
IS Idrottsällskap Sweden Loosely translated into "Sports Society", it holds the same meaning as Sports Club. Örgryte IS (Sweden)
J.K./JK (1) Jimnastik Kulübü Turkey Translated into "gymnastics club", it's use indicates that the club itself has either a history of operating a Gymnastics club or is currently running one. In modern usage, these clubs are seen the same way as one sees the usage of "Sports Club" Beşiktaş J.K. (Turkey)
JK (2) Jalkapalloklubi or Jalkapallokerho Finland Loosely translates into "Football Club" and holds the same meaning Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi, known as JJK (Finland)
K Koninklijke Belgium Literally translates into "Royal". Any club with 50 years of continued existence can add "Koninklijke" to their name in Belgium. Has no bearing on the type of club. K. Lierse S.K. (Belgium)
KAA Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Belgium, Low Countires Literally translates to "Royal Athletics Association", and is used in the same fashion as "Sports Club" is. These clubs started off as having "AA", as opposed to "KAA", as teams are allowed to add "Koninklijke" (Royal) to their club name after 50 years of continued existence K.A.A. Gent (Belgium)
K.S. Klub Sportowy Poland This directly translates into “Sports Club”, and has the same connotation and usage Piast Gliwice K.S. (Poland)
M Mestský Czeck and Slovak Republics Literally translated as "City", it denotes the location of the team. Usually precedes other initials, such as MFK MFK Dubnica (Slovakia)
N.K. Nogometni klub Croatia, former Yugoslavian nations Loosely translates into and is the equivalent to “Football Club”. common at both the upper-tier clubs and lower leagues NK Svoboda (Slovenia)
P.F.C. Professional Football Club Worldwide a rare usage, usually indicates a team that has had an amateur side in previous years or still maintains clubs in other sports with an amateur status. Also has found usage as former Government-run teams, such as army, taxation, or police clubs PFC CSKA Moscow (Russia)
PS Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Translated into "Football Association", it carries the same meaning as "Football Club" PS Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesia)
PK Pallokerho Finland Translates into "Ball Club", and hold the same connotation as "Football Club" PK-35 Vantaa (Finland)
PV Palloveikot Finland Loosely translates into "Ball Fraternity", it's used in the same way as "Social Club" would be used Tampereen Pallo-Veikot (Finland)
R (1) Royal Worldwide Typically added to a club's name after either 50 years of existence or by royal decree via patronage. had no bearing on the organizational operations of the club R Antwerp F.C. (Belgium)
R (2) Regatta (various spellings) Worldwide While fairly rare, the usage of "R" within this context signifies a historical tie with a rowing or sailing club Botafogo R (Brazil)
RC (3) Racing/Racing Club (various spellings) Worldwide The usage of "Racing" and "Racing Club" does not necessarily imply anything, but several teams that use a variation of it have historical ties to Track & Field groups, while others have ties to horse racing and even racing various types of boats. It carries zero significance to how the club currently operates, however. RC Lens (France)
R (4) Radnički Croatia, former Yugoslavian nations Meaning "Worker", these clubs are often founded by the "working class" of a town. Most often used a precursor to another abbreviation RNK Split (Croatia)
RB Rasenballsport Fantasyland This term is totally made up by Red Bull to circumvent branding rules in international competitions, yet they claim it's a legitimate term that translates into "Lawn Ball Sport". To any reasonable person, "RB" stands solely for the most crass modern marketing in football. RB Leipzig (Germany)
R.C.D. Real Club Deportivo Spain Translated into "Royal Sports Club," it implies a Sports Club with a royal charter. Implies the same as the term "Sports Club" RCD Mallorca (Spain)
S.A. Sports Association (various spellings) Worldwide These are found in many nations regardless of local language. S.A. may imply multiple teams being fielded - more than one football team, more than one gender, and even more than one sport. A deceptively vague term, and rarely used in English-speaking nations due to the lack of any defined meaning.
S.A.D. Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Spain, Spanish-speaking nations Loosely translated into "Limited Sports Society," this term that the club is a type of LLC. Operates in a similar fashion to GmbH clubs in German-speaking nations Sevilla Fútbol Club, S.A.D. (Spain)
S.C. (2) Soccer Club Worldwide Carries the same meaning as F.C., and it is used primarily in nations where the sport of football is referred to as soccer Columbus Crew SC (United States)
S.C. (3), S&C (4) Sports & Culture (various combinations) Mediterranean regions "Sports & Culture" is used by various club associations to include a community enrichment program as well as sports for both children and adults. N/A
S.D. Sociedad Deportiva Spain, Latin America Directly translates into "Sports Society," and carries the same implied meaning as "Sport Club" SD Ponferradina (Spain)
SE Sociedade Esportiva Brazil Portuguese for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. SE Palmeiras (Brazil)
SG Sportgemeinschaft German-speaking nations Translates into "Sports Association," and is most often used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SG Wattenscheid 09 (Germany)
S.K. (1) Spor Kulübü Turkey Directly translates into "Sports Club" and carries the same connotation. Galatasaray S.K. (Turkey)
S.K. (2) Sportsklubben (various spellings) Scandinavia, Worldwide Directly translates into "Sports Club," these clubs are not beholden to typical conventions. While they are frequently found in Scandinavia, they can be found throughout the world SK Brann (Norway)
SpVgg Spielvereinigung German-speaking nations Translates into "Playing Association," these clubs are like other "Sports Clubs" but usually focus on non-gymnastic sports in addition to football. SpVgg Greuther Fürth (Germany)
S.S. Società Sportiva Italy, Malta Italian for "Sports Society,” this is used in a general sense for a community-based club offering both Youth & Adult programs. Found in Italy to a very small extent, these are fairly common on the island of Malta. S.S. Lazio (Italy)
SSV Schwimmsportverein or Sport- und Schwimmverein Germany Translates to "Swim Sport Club" or "Sports and Swimming Club," and is used in the same manner as "Sports Club" SSV Ulm 1846 (Germany)
S.T. Soccer Team Worldwide The usage of Soccer Team is frequently found in English-speaking nations where football is referred to as soccer and often implies a youth development component. This is not always the case, as they are found in non-English speaking nations where the sport is referred to as Football. Bassano Virtus 55 S.T. (Italy)
SSC Società Sportiva Calcio Italy Translates as "Sporting and Football Society" and are considered to be clubs who offer several sports, with football being the focus S.S.C. Napoli (Italy)
S.V. Sportverein (various spellings) Low Countries, Germany Meaning “Sports Club" and used in the same context, S.V. teams are found throughout Western Europe, but mainly within the Low Countries and Germany Hannoversche Sportverein 1896 eV, known as Hannover 96 (Germany)
T.S.V. Turn- und Sportverein German-speaking nations This translates to “Gymnastic and Sporting Club," and is to be considered the same as "Sports Club" TSV 1860 München (Germany)
TuS Turn- und Spielvereinigung German-speaking nations Literally translated to "Gymnastic and Gaming Club", used in the same way as "Sports Club" Düsseldorfer TuS Fortuna 1895 e.V. (Germany)
U.C. Unione Calcio Italian-speaking nations Translated directly into "Football Union", these clubs often gain the use of U.C. after a merger with another club. No other significance. U.C. Sampdoria (Italy)
UD Unión Deportiva Spain, Latin America Translates to "Sporting Union" and is used in a similar manner Levante UD (Spain)
U.S. Unione Sportiva Italian-speaking nations Meaning "Sporting Union," these clubs have been renamed after a merger with other groups. They typically offer other sports besides football. U.S. Sassuolo Calcio (Italy)
VfB Verein für Bewegungsspiele German-speaking nations Directly translated into "Club for Exercise games," these clubs are similar to "Sports Clubs" in that they offer other sports in addition to football, but often have a more dedicated push towards to those other sports compared to most "Sports Clubs" VfB Stuttgart (Germany)
VfL Verein für Leibesübungen German-speaking nations Literally translated as "Club for Body exercises," these clubs are often formed by clubs that focus on general overall fitness. There is a tradition of company-founded "VfL" clubs for its workers VfL Wolfsburg (Germany)
VfR Verein für Rasensport German-speaking nations Translates into "Club for Lawnsports," these clubs are more like your traditions "Sports Club" in their offering of other sporting activities VfR Aalen 1921 (Germany)
VV Voetbal Vereniging Low Countries Translates into "Football Association" and carries the same meaning as "Sports Club" VV Steenbergen (Holland)
The Numbers:
Occasionally, you will find numbers within the both the full and proper name of a club as well as the commonly used name for the club. Below is a description on what they mean:
Number Structure Meaning
XXXX - four digits Found throughout the world, this number is almost always the founding year of the club. An example of this is TSV 1860 München.
XX - two digits Found throughout the world, this is the last two numbers in the given century of their founding. Bayer 04 Leverkusen is a popular example of this.
1. - as a precursor Found primarily in Europe, the “1.” in front of the club's name indicates that that club was the first club founded in a city. It's a source of pride for these clubs, and is still used to this day, primarily in Germany. An example of this would be 1. FC Lübars.
The Words:
This section focuses on words that you'll often see in names of several clubs. These words may be to help differentiate between clubs from the same city, they may be tied to their history, their formation, who founded the clubs, or even professional versus amateur status. Like the initials, these rules are not always 100% true, and are to used as guides to help understand the history behind the name for the most teams possible. Yes, there are exceptions to possibly all of these, but the exceptions are much less frequent thean the rule - hence using exceptions.
Word Purpose
Academia (various spellings) Clubs that have historical ties to universities. Found throughout the world.
Alemannia or Germania An old name for Germany.
Ajax A reference from Greek mythology. Some clubs in Africa and the Americas with the name are affiliated with Ajax of Holland.
Albion A very old name for Great Britain. Used to denote a specific team in a community with more than one club. UK only.
Apollon A reference to the Greek god Apollo. No other significance.
Arsenal Used throughout Europe, these clubs have a traditional association with Weapons manufacturing.
Astra or Asteras Greek for "star," used all over Europe.
Atlas Usually a reference to Greek mythology, occasionally a reference to the mountain range by that name. No other significance.
Athletic Just a general term if used without any other modifier. Found everywhere.
Borussia Latin for Prussia, used by clubs in Germany
Brown A reference to Guillermo Brown/William Brown, an Irish/Argentinian Sea Captain. Argentina only.
Calcio Italian for "football," no special significance if used without another modifier.
Casuals Often used to denote a club's "amateur" status.
Celtic These are clubs that are often founded by members of the Celtic Diaspora and are found throughout the world.
Chernomorets (various spellings) Local language name for the Black Sea, no special significance. Found in Ukraine and Bulgaria.
City Usage of this denotes that the club represents a specific city, and is used to identify a specific club within a city of multiple clubs. Also denotes clubs that are a part of the “City Football Group” - Manchester, Melbourne, and New York City.
Collieries Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily England.
Corinthians References the town of Corinth in Greece, and is often used to allude to the Corinthian ideal of amateurism in sports. Also used to denote an "amateur" club.
Cosmos Short for Cosmopolitan, represents the ideal of multiculturalism. No other significance.
County Denotes a political level of Government, often preceded by the official name of the county. Primarily England.
Days (Specific days of the week) Used to specify specific clubs in communities with more than one club. An example is Sheffield Wednesday (which came from the original Cricket club's name)
Douanes Clubs that are supported by National Customs and Taxation departments. Found in French speaking nations.
Dutch Lions These are clubs owned by the Dutch club F.C. Twente, found only in the U.S.A.
Dynamo (various spellings) Most of these clubs were originally a part of the “Dynamo” Sport society, founded by the Soviets in the early 20th century. Often attached to the Department of Interior Security.
En Avant French for “forward,” no other significance.
Eintracht German for "united," no other significance.
Energy (various spellings) Used throughout the world to denote a connection to the local Electric/Power company
-ense Used after a city's name, used to indicating the club belongs to that city/place. Found in Portuguese speaking nations
Español Simply refers to the country of Spain, although it has been used by members of the Spanish diaspora.
Espoir or Espérance) French for "hope," no other significance. French Speaking nations only.
Estudiantes Clubs that have historical ties to universities. Found throughout the Spanish-speaking world.
Excelsior Means “higher”, no other significance
Ferroviário Meaning "rail" in English, it is used to denote a railway-founded club. Found most often in Portuguese-speaking African nations
Fortuna The Greek Goddess of fortune, used throughout the world
Gimnasia (various spellings) Implying Gymnastics. These clubs often have ties with Gymnastics clubs or groups.
Górnik Sometimes abbreviated as GKS, these are clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily found in Poland.
Hapoel An Israeli sporting association that can links to various trades unions. Often left-leaning historically. Israel only.
Hercules or Heracles A reference to the Greek God of strength, courage, ingenuity, and sexual prowess. Worldwide.
Hibernian These are clubs that are traditionally founded by members of the Irish Diaspora and are found throughout Scotland, Malta and in Ireland itself.
Hilal Arabic for "Crescent", usually tied to the new crescent moon at the beginning of each month in the Islamic calendar. Found throughout the Arabic speaking world.
Inter or International Denotes clubs that are founded by either immigrants to their location or are using the term to identify themselves differently from other clubs, sometimes by way of splinter groups forming their own club.
Ittihad Arabic for “union,” with the implied meaning of “United” in English.
Juve (also: Juventus, Jeunesse, Juniors, Youth) A reference to youth, no other significance.
Lokomotiv (various spellings) Clubs founded by Railways or railway workers, these clubs can be found throughout the world. Most are professional, but some still have actual railroad workers on their rosters.
Maccabi A reference to the Maccabees, Maccabi is a "Sporting Society" in Israel. Found in several nations with large, Jewish populations. Often affiliated with youth outreach sports.
Metallurg Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Usually Russian-speaking nations with this spelling.
Metalurh Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Ukrainian clubs with this spelling.
Mineros Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Primarily found in Spanish-speaking South American nations.
Mohammedan Denotes clubs founded in the principles of the Muslim faith, usually as youth outreach groups. Found everywhere.
Nacional (various spellings) Means “national”, but usually denotes nothing. Occasionally used for teams of the army, but more often used to identify specific teams in larger markets. Used everywhere.
Old Boys Clubs that were founded to provide football at an age past school age for a particular school.
Olympic (various spellings) References the Olympic Games, but bears no other significance.
Perse- or Persi- A prefix meaning "Football Association" attached to clubs, often found in Indonesia
Petrolero Clubs that have were founded by either workers in the Petrol/Oil industry or by the companies themselves. Found throughout the petrol/oil producing world.
Police (various spellings) Clubs that have an affiliation with governmental policing groups. Often consist of active members of the police force, but some do have professional footballs within their ranks.
Politehnica Clubs with ties to a specific university. Found primarily in Eastern Europe.
Preußen German for "Prussia," no other significance.
Racing References a historical relationship with racing - either Track & Field events, rowing, sailing, or even horse racing. Oftentimes, these clubs used the middle of the racing oval as their original home ground.
Rangers The name occasionally implies a tie-in towards the military or policing, however this is a rare occurrence, as the name traditionally means nothing of significance for the club.
Real Spanish for “Royal”, these clubs have the direct patronage of the Spanish Monarchy. Found in Spanish speaking nations. Excludes Real Salt Lake of the MLS.
Red Bull Found throughout the world, these are clubs that are not only sponsored by the Red Bull Energy Drink company, they are often founded by them. Most people detest the names, even their own fans.
Regatas (various spelling) Often used to denote clubs that have an association with either rowing or sailing, these are mainly found in Brazil.
Rio Branco A reference to José Paranhos, His Excellency The Baron of Rio Branco. The Godfather of Brazilian diplomacy. Found only in Brazil.
Rovers This denotes a team that was founded without a specific home ground. They are found primarily in the British Isles.
Royal A word that Belgian clubs can use after 50 years of continuous existence. Can use the German, French, Dutch or English version of the the word.
Ruch Meaning “movement” in Polish. No other significance.
Santos or San It's the Spanish/Portuguese word for “Saint” and/or “Saints”, but it doesn't mean imply anything specific.
Shamrock A national symbol of Ireland, used in both Ireland and the U.S.A. No other significance.
Slavia Just refers to the Slavic people, Found in Eastern Europe and supported by men in matching tracksuits squatting on the sidelines.
Sparta Referencing the Greek town of Sparta, but has no special significance.
Spartak A reference to Spartacus, the slave-turned-leader of a revolt almost two thousand years ago. Found throughout Eastern Europe and Russia.
-spor (ending of a name) Means “sport,” and is found in Turkey.
Sporting This implies that the club is a part of a larger group of teams in various sports. If a club uses the name “Sporting”, it is the name of the overarching group for all the teams in all of the sports that it participates in.
Stål Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Scandinavian with this spelling.
Stade The French word for “stadium.” These clubs are often named after their original home ground.
Stahl Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily German with this spelling.
Stal Clubs that have a history with steelworks, founded by a team consisting of players from the steelworks. Primarily Eastern European with this spelling.
Swifts The plural for Swift, a type of bird. No other significance.
Thistle A national symbol of Scotland. No other significance.
Torpedo A reference to the Soviet Volunteer Sports Society, indicates a historical tie to Russia.
United (various spelling) Outside of England, this is indicative of clubs that were founded by the merger of two or more clubs. Sometimes this is used to denote a different club if more than one exist within the same community. Found everywhere.
Universidad (various spellings) Clubs that have ties, usually founding ties, to a University. These are found throughout the world.
Wanderers This denotes a team that was founded without a specific home ground. They are found throughout the world, but primarily English-speaking nations.
Welfare A reference to the “Well-being” movement of the early 1900's. These clubs are usually small and community-based. Mainly in England.
Wolves Just implies the animal, no other significance.
Young Boys Clubs with ties to a local school, often used to differentiate between multiple clubs.
Zagłębie Clubs that were founded or supported by miners or mining companies. Only in Poland.
Zenit A reference indicating that the club was once a part of the Zenit Soviet Sports Society or an alliance with the Zenit itself.
Happy Holidays, you glorious bastards.
-FCVD
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malta taxation foreign income video

A flat tax rate of 15% is charged on foreign income remitted to Malta while income which arises in Malta is taxed at a flat tax rate of 35%. In addition, a minimum annual tax of EUR 15,000 is payable (versus the EUR 25,000 for the main applicant and EUR 5,000 for each dependent under the HNWI residence scheme). foreign citizens living in Malta for at least 183 days in a calendar year are taxed on the income generated in Malta and abroad; foreign citizens working in Malta for less than 183 days in a calendar year are considered non-residents and will be taxed on the income earned in Malta. Malta’s NID can be claimed by companies and partnerships resident in Malta (including Maltese permanent establishments of foreign entities) against their chargeable income for the year. Successive Maltese governments have sought to conclude double taxation treaties with important trading partners as well as with emerging countries. 5.1. Income is received in Malta if it is paid to the recipient in Malta. Income paid into an account held abroad is also treated as received in Malta if it is subsequently remitted to Malta. 5.2. Proceeds of a capital nature, such as an inheritance or the proceeds from the sale of a capital asset, are not income and the receipt in Malta is not ... For our purposes, the most interesting aspect of the tax system are Malta’s tax rates on foreign residents of Malta. In a nutshell, if you qualify for this status, you will only pay Maltese tax on the income you generate in Malta or on money you remit to Malta. That probably means you pay a lot less than 35%. The Foreign Income Account is the vehicle through which the foreign investor, as shareholder of a Maltese company, acquires the fiscal advantages from investing in Malta - vide below. 2. THE FOREIGN INCOME ACCOUNT 2.1 Definition taxable on income and certain capital gains arising in Malta and foreign income received in Malta. Foreign income received in Malta by the beneficiary and certain dependents is subject to tax in Malta at a flat rate of 15%, subject to a minimum tax of €15,000 per annum, after double tax relief (if any). Persons who are resident or domiciled but not ordinarily resident and domiciled are taxed on income and chargeable gains arising in Malta and on their foreign income received in Malta. Taxable income includes gains or profits derived, inter alia, from a trade or business; profession or vocation; employment or office; dividends, interest or ... Under the RPR, similar to the position under the Global Residence Programme Rules, any foreign income derived by beneficiaries or their dependants and remitted to Malta is taxed at the reduced rate of 15% (flat rate), subject to a minimum tax of EUR 15,000 per annum. UK nationals who are beneficiaries in terms of this Programme are required to contact the Maltese Tax Authorities through their Authorised Registered Mandatory, so that they become beneficiaries in terms of the Global Residence ... Taxation Of Dividends From Maltese Taxed Accounts And Foreign Income Accounts. The Maltese administration have a system for any dividends that are paid on a company’s Foreign Income Accounts and Maltese Taxed Account. Shareholders who receive dividends are liable for tax, but they also receive a credit for the tax that is paid by the company.

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